From brian at gweep.ca Mon Dec 1 11:41:51 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:59 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Phytophthora capsici, tomato - South Africa Message-ID: <373cc4gz2o.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> PHYTOPHTHORA CAPSICI, TOMATO - SOUTH AFRICA ******************************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 28 Nov 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: American Phytopathological Society, Plant Disease Notes [edited] 1st Report of Stem and Root Rot of Tomato Caused by _Phytophthora capsici_ in South Africa. N. Labuschagne, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; A. H. Thompson, ARC-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag ?293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; and W. J. Botha, ARC-Roodeplaat, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag ?134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Plant Dis. 87:1540, 2003; published on-line as D-2003-1006-01N, 2003. Accepted for publication 23 Sep 2003. Tomato plants, grown in open hydroponics systems under shadecloth and plastic near Barberton and Pretoria in South Africa and Srelebi Phikwe in Botswana, developed symptoms of wilting with brown-to-black cankers on the lower stems, blackening of the vascular tissues, and root rot. Pathogens isolated from affected tissues were identified as _Phytophthora capsici_ Leonian (1) and _Pythium aphanidermatum_ (Edson) Fitzp. (2). They occurred separately or together. _Pythium aphanidermatum_ has previously been recorded on tomato in South Africa. _P. capsici_ isolates were papillate, caducous, grew at >36 C, had tapered sporangial bases, and a maximum sporangial length of >70 micrometers. Koch's postulates were confirmed by inoculating 4-week-old tomato seedlings (cv. Floradade) grown at 22-30 C in a steam-pasteurized mixture of sawdust compost, pine bark, and vermiculite (3:2:1). Plugs from V8 juice agar cultures of _P. capsici_ were placed on wounds made on the stems of 10 seedlings. 10 wounded uninoculated plants served as controls. Water-soaked lesions were visible on the stems of all inoculated plants after 2 days. Control plants remained healthy. After 4 days, lesions turned dark brown with affected plants wilted or dead. Reisolation yielded _P. capsici_. The experiment was repeated with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of _P. capsici_ on tomatoes in South Africa. References: (1) A. H. Thompson et al. S. Afr. J. Bot. 60:257, 1994. (2) W. Dick. Keys to Pythium. University of Reading Press, Reading, U.K., 1990. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [In addition to tomato, _Phytophthora capsici_ (Pc) infects a number of crops monitored by ProMED-Plant including cucumber, pumpkin, summer and winter squashes, zucchini, bell pepper, chili pepper, eggplant, and watermelon. Pc spores can survive for years in soil. High soil moisture predisposes plants to infection. Disease management involves avoiding the planting of crops susceptible to Pc, use of crop rotation to include maize or small grains, application of copper fungicides, and implementation of phytosanitary regimens to minimize spread of the pathogen to equipment. Use of pathogen-free transplants is recommended. In hydroponics operations, strict management of the circulating nutrient solutions is essential to avoid introduction of the pathogen. - Mod.DH] [see also: Phytophthora capsici, tomato - Mexico (Michoacan) 20030711.1708 2002 ---- Phytophthora capsici, cucurbits - Spain (Granada) 20020608.4440] .......................................dh/pg/lm *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Mon Dec 1 14:52:16 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:59 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Erwinia sp., lentil, chickpea - Canada (SK): corr'n Message-ID: <37fzg4b3zj.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> ERWINIA SP., LENTIL, CHICKPEA - CANADA (SASKATCHEWAN): CORRECTION ***************************************************************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 30 Nov 2003 From: Dick Hamilton A reader recognized a serious error in my comments regarding the previous ProMED-Plant posting on this subject (see reference below). I had unwittingly stated that _Erwinia rhapontici_ was a fungus. I stand corrected; _Erwinia rhapontici_ is a phytopathogenic bacterium. I sincerely apologize for the oversight and I thank Nena Waight-Sharma for noticing the error. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dick Hamilton ProMED-mail Plant Disease Moderator [see also: Erwinia sp., lentil, chickpea - Canada (SK) 20031128.2943] .......................dh/pg/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:36:31 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:59 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Plant pests, new data, EPPO Message-ID: <373cb0hghd.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> PLANT PESTS, NEW DATA, EPPO ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 2 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 8 [edited] 2003/113 New data on quarantine pests and pests of the EPPO Alert List The EPPO Secretariat has extracted the following new data concerning quarantine pests and pests included on the EPPO Alert List. Note: Only diseases of major food crops are noted. New geographical records During surveys carried out in 1996-2000 in the central zone of Chile -- on production and propagation material of grapevine, Cherry leaf roll nepovirus (EPPO A2 list) was detected in 0.2 percent of the tested samples (Herrera & Madariaga, 2001). Present, detected in the central zone with a low incidence. _Phaeoramularia angolensis_ (EPPO A1 quarantine pest) occurs in northwest Ethiopia. It was detected in 11 of the 18 districts studied and severity reached 68 percent on leaves and 97 percent on citrus fruits (Dessalegn & Girma, 2002). Present, found in northwest Ethiopia. Investigations carried out in orchards and fruit tree collections in different regions of Iran revealed the presence of Plum pox potyvirus (EPPO A2 quarantine pest). (Buntsevich et al., 2001). Present, no details. _Stenocarpella maydis_ (EPPO A2 quarantine pest) was found during surveys for major diseases of maize carried out in Ethiopia from 1991 to 2000 (Tilahun et al., 2001). Present, no details. Detailed records Citrus tatter leaf capillovirus (EPPO A1 quarantine pest) occurs in citrus-growing regions of Fujian Province, China (Wu Rujian & Ke Chong, 2002). In Mexico, Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (EPPO A2 quarantine pest) was detected on tomatillo (_Physalis ixocarpa_) in the states of Mexico, Puebla and Morelos (Torre-Almara et al., 2002). _Synchytrium endobioticum_ (EPPO A2 quarantine pest) occurs in Volgograd region, Russia (Demchenko, 2001). Sources: Buntsevich, L.L.; Omidallakh, A.; Mutisher, B.; Nankali, A. [Virus and phytoplasma disease in fruit crops in Iran.]. (2001) Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii, no. 4, p 32-33. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(9), September 2002, abst. 8447, p 1199]. Demchenko, V.I. (2001) [Activities and plans of Volgograd quarantine Inspectorate.] Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii, no. 6, p 9. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(9), September 2002, abst. 8410, p 1192]. Dessalegn, Y.; Girma, G. (2002) Phaeoramularia angolensis: a citrus disease in Northwest Ethiopia. AgriTopia, 17(1), 12-13. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(9), September 2002, abst. 8614, p 1226]. Herrera, M.; Madariaga, V.M. (2001) [Presence and incidence of grapevine viruses in the central zone of Chile.] Agricultura T?cnica, 61(4), 393-400. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(9), September 2002, abst. 8532, p 1213]. Tilahun, T.; Ayana, G.; Abebe, F.; Wegary, D. (2001) Maize pathology in Ethiopia: a review. In: Enhancing the contribution of maize to food security in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 2nd National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa; Ethiopia, 2001-11-12/16. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(10), October 2002, abst. 9420, p 1350]. Torre-Almar?z, R. de la; Cervantes-D?az, L.; Houston, H.A.; Valverde, R. (2002) Phenotypic variation of some Mexican isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Agrociencia (Montecillo), 36(2), 211-221. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(10), October 2002, abst. 9984, p 1432]. Wu Rujian; Ke Chong (2002) [Reaction of citrus to the co-infection by the citrus Huanglongbing pathogen with other viruses.] Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15(4), 12-16. [Review of Plant Pathology 81(9), September 2002, abst. 8591, p 1223]. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Fruit and leaf spot disease of citrus caused by _Phaeoramularia angolensis_ was the main disease in western Kenya in the late 1990's, but I do not know the status of the disease at present. Application of various contact and systemic fungicides (triazoles and copper) were useful. As for _Stenocarpella maydis_ [Sm] (formerly _Diplodia maydis_), which causes maize ear rot, disease incidence can range from 1-80 percent of ears, and test weights can be reduced substantially. During the 1950s and early 1960s, maize ear rot was the most common ear rot disease of corn in the Corn Belt of USA. Disease management for maize ear rot includes crop rotation, conservation tillage to reduce soil erosion, and planting of maize cultivars with a range of maturity dates. Potato wart, caused by _Synchytrium endobioticum_, has spread from the South American Andes to most potato-growing countries in Europe and has been recorded in the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Potato wart was eradicated from several states in USA and is now considered free of the pathogen. - Mod.DH] [see also: 2000 ---- EPPO intercepted consignment reports - Worldwide 20000531.0875 Stenocarpella maydis, maize - China (Henan) 20000220.0228 1999 ---- Plant pests - Russia 19991202.2114 Plant pests, new data, EPPO 19991127.2095 Plant pathogens, intercepts, EPPO 19991125.2088] .......................................dh/pg/dk *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:37:36 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:59 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Plum pox, natural spread - Turkey (Ankara) Message-ID: <37pte4g1vd.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> PLUM POX, NATURAL SPREAD - TURKEY (ANKARA) ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 11 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: J. Phytopathology, Vol. 151, 2003 [edited] Natural Spread of Plum Pox Virus in Ankara, Turkey O. Elbuyuk Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey (Correspondence to O. Elbuyuk) Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) has a limited distribution in Turkey, but is not a serious problem for stone fruit production. However, it is widespread in apricot, plum and peach trees in the Ankara region, where its natural spread was studied between 1995 and 2002 in 10 home gardens planted with apricot, plum and peach trees. Virus presence was determined by visual observation of symptoms in leaves and fruits and by DAS-ELISA; strains were identified by double antibody sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DASI-ELISA) and immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) tests. Within 8 years, PPV incidence in the gardens near to, and 0.5 km from an infection source was 85.7-100 and 25-29.4 percent, respectively. This difference in incidence was attributed to the distance from the infection source. All PPV isolates were identified as PPV-M. Sharka disease was likely introduced to healthy gardens by mealy plum aphids (_Hyalopterus pruni_), the only vector of PPV found in Ankara. This is the first report of PPV spread in Turkey. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [In Europe PPV causes the most serious disease of stone fruits. The disease appeared in North America in the fall of 1999 in Pennsylvania and in Ontario in June 2000. The disease is very difficult to manage. Management strategies include prevention of spread to virus-free areas, eradication of infected trees, decreasing spread by aphids, and breeding for virus resistance. References: - Mod.DH] [see also: Plum pox virus, fruit trees - Canada (ON & NS) 20030202.0278 2001 ---- Plum pox virus, recombination - Slovakia 20010810.1888 2000 ---- Plum pox potyvirus, surveillance - Canada (07) 20001123.2035 Plum pox virus, nectarines - Canada (Ontario) 20000626.1057 1999 ---- Plum pox virus - USA (Pennsylvania) 19991024.1912] .......................................dh/pg/dk *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:37:18 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Squash leaf curl virus, cucurbits - Israel Message-ID: <37u13gg1vq.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> SQUASH LEAF CURL VIRUS, CUCURBITS, ISRAEL ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 5 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 8 [edited] 2003/117 Squash leaf curl begomovirus found in Israel The NPPO of Israel (PPIS) informed the EPPO Secretariat of the presence of Squash leaf curl begomovirus (SLCV - EPPO A1 list) in Israel. In Autumn 2002, severe leaf curling symptoms were observed on cultivated squash (_Cucurbita pepo_) in an agricultural settlement near Jerusalem and thereafter by surveys in other cucurbit-growing areas around the country. SLCV was found affecting crops of squash (_Cucurbita pepo_), pumpkin (_Cucurbita moschata_) and melon (_Cucumis melo_), as well as the wild weed hosts _Ecballium elaterium_ (_Cucurbitaceae_) and _Malva nicaeensis_ (_Malvaceae_). Surveillance is being maintained and further scientific studies are being undertaken. The status of this pest in Israel is declared as: Present. Source: NPPO of Israel, 2003-09. Antignus, Y.; Lachman, O.; Pearlsman, M.; Omer, S.; Yunis, H.; Messika, Y.; Uko, O.; Koren, A. (2003) Squash leaf curl geminivirus - a new illegal immigrant from the Western Hemisphere and a threat to cucurbit crops in Israel. Abstracts of presentations made at the 24th Congress of the Israeli Phytopathological Society. Phytoparasitica 31(4), p 415. Also available on Internet: ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [In most instances, the incidence of SLCV-affected plants in Israel was close to 100 percent and was always associated with high populations of the whitefly, _Bemisia tabaci_. SCLV has been reported from USA (Arizona, Texas, and California) as well as from Guatemala, Honduras, Sinaloa and Sonora states in Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. The authors claim that this is the 1st report of an epidemic caused by a 'New World' geminivirus in the Eastern Hemisphere. Additional reference: - Mod.DH] [see also: Squash leaf curl China virus - Philippines: new strain 20031104.2735] .......................................dh/pg/dk *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:37:00 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant Message-ID: <37y8ssg1w4.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> MAJOR FOOD CROPS MONITORED BY PROMED-PLANT ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 3 Dec 2003 From: Dick Hamilton I have provided the list of major food crops that are monitored by ProMED-Plant for plant diseases. The major change is the inclusion of the Latin binomials for each of the crops. I have added okra (_Abelmoschus esculentus_) to the list. It is a major food crop in India. BRASSICAS Cabbage - _Brassica oleracea_ Canola (Oil) - _Brassica rapa_, _B. campestris_, _B. napus_. Cauliflower - _Brassica oleracea_ CEREALS/GRAINS Barley - _Hordeum vulgare_ Maize - _Zea mays_ Millet (pearl) - _Pennisetum glaucum_ Millet (proso) - _Panicum miliaceum_ Oats - _Avena sativa_ Rice - _Oryza sativa_ Rye - _Secale cereale_ Sorghum - _Sorghum bicolor_ Wheat - Common Wheat, _Triticum aestivum_ L. subsp. _aestivum_ Wheat - Durum wheat, _T. durum_ CITRUS Grapefruit - _Citrus reticulata_ Orange - _Citrus sinensis_ Tangerine - _Citrus paradisi ? _Citrus reticulata_ CUCURBITS Cucumber - _Cucumis sativus_ Gourds - _Luffa acutangula_, _L. cylindrica, _Lagenaria sp._ Pumpkin/squash - _Cucurbita maxima_, _C. mixta_, _C.moschata_, _C. pepo_ Watermelon - _Citrullus lanatus_ OIL CROPS Canola - _Brassica rapa_, _B. campestris_, _B. napus_. Cottonseed - _Gossypium sp._ POME FRUITS Apple - _Malus domestica_ Pear - _Pyrus communis_ PULSES Bean - _Phaseolus vulgaris_ Pea - _Pisum sativum_ Chickpea - _Cicer arietinum_ Cowpea - _Vigna unguiculata_ ssp. _unguiculata_ Lentil - _Lens culinaris_ Peanut (Groundnut) - _Arachis hypogaea_ Soybean - _Glycine max_ SOLANACEOUS CROPS Eggplant - _Solanum melongena_ Peppers - _Capsicum annuum_ Potato - _Solanum tuberosum_ Tomato - _Lycopersicon esculentum_ STONE FRUITS Apricots - _Prunus armeniaca_ Cherry - _Prunus avium_, _P. cerasus_ Plum - _Prunus domestica_, _P. insititia_ Peach/nectarine - _Prunus persica_ OTHERS Banana - _Musa x paridasiaca_ L. , _M. acuminata_ Cacao - _Theobroma cacao_ Cassava - _Manihot esculenta_ Date palm - _Phoenix dactylifera_ Coconut - _Cocos nucifera_ Coffee - _Coffea arabica_ Grapevine - _Vitis labrusca_, _V. vinifera_ Lettuce - _Lactuca spp._ Mango - _Mangifera indica_ Okra - _Abelmoschus esculentus_ Onion - _Allium cepa_ Sugar beet - _Beta vulgaris_ Sugarcane - _Saccharum officinarum_ Sunflower seed/oil - _Helianthus annuus_ Sweet potato - _Ipomoea batatas_ Taro - _Colocasia esculenta_ Tea - _Camellia sinensis_ Yam - _Dioscorea batatas_, _D. alata_, _Lagenaria siceraria_, _D. rotundata_ ------------------------------ ProMED-mail ......................dh/pg/dk *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:38:04 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant: correction Message-ID: <37llosg1uc.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> MAJOR FOOD CROPS MONITORED BY PROMED-PLANT: CORRECTION ************************************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 8 Dec 2003 From: Dick Hamilton The previous list that was posted on 4 Dec 2003 (Major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant 20031204.2988) was in error. _Lagenaria siceraria_, (bottle gourd, a cucurbit), was inadvertently listed as a species in the _Dioscoreaceae_, which includes yam. I thank Dr Robin Hide, (Visitor) RMAP, Department of Anthropology, RSPAS, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia for pointing out the error. This revised list supercedes the 2 previous posts that listed major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant (see below). The corrected list of major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant is given below. BRASSICAS Cabbage - _Brassica oleracea_ Canola (Oil) - _Brassica rapa_, _B. campestris_, _B. napus_. Cauliflower - _Brassica oleracea_ CEREALS/GRAINS Barley - _Hordeum vulgare_ Maize - _Zea mays_ Millet (pearl) - _Pennisetum glaucum_ Millet (proso) - _Panicum miliaceum_ Oats - _Avena sativa_ Rice - _Oryza sativa_ Rye - _Secale cereale_ Sorghum - _Sorghum bicolor_ Wheat - Common Wheat, _Triticum aestivum_ L. subsp. _aestivum_ Wheat - Durum wheat, _T. durum_ CITRUS Grapefruit - _Citrus reticulata_ Orange - _Citrus sinensis_ Tangerine - _Citrus paradisi ? _Citrus reticulata_ CUCURBITS Cucumber - _Cucumis sativus_ Gourds - _Luffa acutangula_, _L. cylindrica, _Lagenaria sp._, _L. siceraria_ Pumpkin/squash - _Cucurbita maxima_, _C. mixta_, _C.moschata_, _C. pepo_ Watermelon - _Citrullus lanatus_ OIL CROPS Canola - _Brassica rapa_, _B. campestris_, _B. napus_. Cottonseed - _Gossypium sp._ POME FRUITS Apple - _Malus domestica_ Pear - _Pyrus communis_ PULSES Bean - _Phaseolus vulgaris_ Pea - _Pisum sativum_ Chickpea - _Cicer arietinum_ Cowpea - _Vigna unguiculata_ ssp. _unguiculata_ Lentil - _Lens culinaris_ Peanut (Groundnut) - _Arachis hypogaea_ Soybean - _Glycine max_ SOLANACEOUS CROPS Eggplant - _Solanum melongena_ Peppers - _Capsicum annuum_ Potato - _Solanum tuberosum_ Tomato - _Lycopersicon esculentum_ STONE FRUITS Apricots - _Prunus armeniaca_ Cherry - _Prunus avium_, _P. cerasus_ Plum - _Prunus domestica_, _P. insititia_ Peach/nectarine - _Prunus persica_ OTHERS Banana - _Musa x paridasiaca_ L. , _M. acuminata_ Cacao - _Theobroma cacao_ Cassava - _Manihot esculenta_ Date palm - _Phoenix dactylifera_ Coconut - _Cocos nucifera_ Coffee - _Coffea arabica_ Grapevine - _Vitis labrusca_, _V. vinifera_ Lettuce - _Lactuca spp._ Mango - _Mangifera indica_ Okra - _Abelmoschus esculentus_ Onion - _Allium cepa_ Sugar beet - _Beta vulgaris_ Sugarcane - _Saccharum officinarum_ Sunflower seed/oil - _Helianthus annuus_ Sweet potato - _Ipomoea batatas_ Taro - _Colocasia esculenta_ Tea - _Camellia sinensis_ Yam - _Dioscorea batatas_, _D. alata_, _D. rotundata_ ------------------------------ Dick Hamilton ProMED-mail Plant Disease Moderator Senior Research Scientist (Retired) Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Richmond, BC CANADA [see also: Major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant 20031204.2988 2001 ---- Food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant: List 20010620.1178] ......................................dh/pg/dk *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:39:13 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Announcements 2003 (11): new version PQR Message-ID: <37znd8en7z.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> ANNOUNCEMENTS 2003 (11): NEW VERSION PQR ************************************ A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 18 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Secretariat, 2003-09 [edited] PQR is the EPPO database on geographical distribution and host plants of quarantine pests, and a new version (version 4.2) has just been released. Compared with the previous version, the data have been updated in accordance with the EPPO Reporting Service and new CABI maps published until 2003-05. Further information has been added on pests of the EPPO Alert List, and on invasive species. In particular, PQR version 4.2 has been restructured to contain information on invasive plants. The present data set is preliminary. Information is available only on the plant species, and on the countries for which they are said to be invasive (taken from the literature). The invasive plants appear only in the full pest data set, and are listed in green. In line with EPPO's developing programme on invasive species, it is planned to add data on degree of invasiveness, geographical distribution, and official concern or regulation. Some invasive species may also already be quarantine pests in PQR. PQR is provided on a CD-ROM for single users. It runs under Microsoft Windows and once installed, it occupies about 50 Mb. PQR version 4.2 can be ordered from the EPPO Secretariat at a price of 100 EUR. EPPO Secretariat 1 rue Le Notre, 75016 Paris, France tel: +33 (0) 1 45 20 77 94 - Fax : +33(0)1 42 24 89 43 email: ------------------------------ ProMED-mail .........................dh/pg/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:38:50 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Regulated plant pests, detection, August 2003: EPPO Message-ID: <378yksg1t9.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> REGULATED PLANT PESTS, DETECTION, AUGUST 2003: EPPO ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 18 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 2003, No. 8 [edited] 2003/124 EPPO report on notifications of non-compliance (detection of regulated pests) ------------------------------------------------------- The EPPO Secretariat has gathered the notifications of non-compliance for 2002 received since the previous report (EPPO RS 2003/112) from the following countries: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. When a consignment has been re-exported and the country of origin is unknown, the re-exporting country is indicated in brackets. When the occurrence of a pest in a given country is not known to the EPPO Secretariat, this is indicated by an asterisk (*). The EPPO Secretariat has selected notifications of non-compliance made because of the detection of regulated pests. Other notifications of non-compliance due to prohibited commodities, missing or invalid certificates are not indicated. It must be pointed out that the report is only partial, as many EPPO countries have not yet sent their notifications. Pest, Consignment, Type of commodity, Country of origin, C. of destination, number BACTERIAL PATHOGENS: Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp. michiganensis_, _Lycopersicon esculentum_, seeds, Thailand*, France 1 _Pseudomonas pisi_, _Pisum sativum_, seeds, New Zealand, Israel, 1 _Xanthomonas axonopodis_, _Citrus limon_, fruits, Argentina, France, 1 _Xanthomonas_ sp., _Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis_, seeds, Japan, Israel, 1 FUNGAL PATHOGENS: _Cochliobolus carbonum_, _Zea mays_, seeds, Italy, Israel, 1 _Fusarium_, _Lycopersicon esculentum_, seeds, Thailand, Israel, 1 _Guignardia citricarpa_, _Citrus limon_, fruits, South Africa, Netherlands, 1 _Stenocarpella maydis_, _ Zea mays_, seeds, Spain, Israel, 1 NEMATODE PATHOGENS: _Globodera_, _Solanum tuberosum_, ware potatoes, Italy, Ireland, 1 PHYTOPLASMAL PATHOGENS: Apple proliferation phytoplasma, _Malus_, plants for planting, Germany, France 1 VIRAL PATHOGENS: Pepino mosaic potexvirus, _Lycopersicon esculentum_ [Le], seeds, Chile*, France, 5 Le, vegetables, Netherlands, Sweden, 1 Le, seeds, Netherlands, United Kingdom, 1 Le, vegetables, Netherlands, United Kingdom, 1 Le, vegetables, Spain, United Kingdom, 4 ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [_Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp. _michiganensis_ and Pepino mosaic potexvirus (PepMV) were unknown to quarantine agencies in Thailand and Chile, respectively. PepMV infested/infected tomato seeds and vegetables were the most commonly detected diseases, followed by bacterial diseases. - Mod.DH] [see also: Regulated plant pests, detection, July 2003: EPPO 20030913.2316 Regulated plant pests, detection, April 2003: EPPO 20030719.1770 Regulated plant pests, detection, March 2003: EPPO 20030506.1128 Regulated plant pests, detection, January 2003: EPPO 20030312.0607] .........................dh/pg/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:40:24 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Calendar 2003 (08) Message-ID: <37r7yken60.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CALENDAR 2003 (08) ****************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 23 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 8 Subject: 2nd European Whitefly Symposium Location: Cavtat, Croatia Dates: 5-9 Oct 2004 2003/125 2nd European Whitefly Symposium The 2nd European Whitefly Symposium will take place in Cavtat, Croatia on 5-9 Oct 2004. The main topics will be: - Faunistics, systematics and ecology - Whitefly-transmitted viruses and epidemiology - Whitefly natural enemies - Whitefly control and IPM Contact: Mrs Liz Robertson EWSN Events Organizer EWSN Office, c/o John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk UK Tel: +44(0)1603 450296 Fax: +44(0)1603 450045 E-mail: EWSN Website: ------------------------------ ProMED-mail ..............................dh/pg/lm *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:40:57 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato - Guadeloupe Message-ID: <37isjwen56.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> TOMATO YELLOW LEAF CURL VIRUS, TOMATO - GUADELOUPE ************************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 30 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: American Phytopathological Society, Plant Disease Notes [edited] 1st report of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato in Guadeloupe. C. Urbino and K. Tassius, CIRAD FLHOR-INRA, Domaine Duclos, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe. Plant Dis. 87:1397, 2003; published on-line as D-2003-0915-01N, 2003. Accepted for publication 29 Jul 2003. In September 2001, symptoms of stunting and chlorotic curled leaves of reduced size were observed on tomato plants in Guadeloupe. These symptoms were different from those described for Potato yellow mosaic virus, which has been present since 1993, but similar to those described for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Samples from symptomatic plants were collected and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primers PC1 (5' TGA CTA TGT CGA AGC GAC CAGG-3') and PC2 (5'- CGA CAT TAC AGC CTC AGA CTGG-3') were designed to amplify a 950- bp fragment within the coat protein gene (CP) of TYLCV-IL species (2). Primer pair MP16/MP82 (3) amplified a 550-bp fragment from the conserved nonanucleotide sequence (TAATATTAC) to the 5' end of the CP gene. Products of expected sizes were obtained with both pairs of primers from all symptomatic samples but not from uninfected samples. A 950-bp and a 550-bp PCR product were cloned into a pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced with plasmid specific primers (SP6 and T7). Sequences were compared with those available in the NCBI database using BlastN. 15 of the sequences that gave the highest score with BlastN were aligned with the Guadeloupe sequences using Clustal W. The nucleotide sequence of the 950-bp fragment (GenBank Accession No. AY319645) shared at least 97 percent sequence identity with that of TYLCV from Israel (EMBL Accession No. X15656), Puerto Rico (GenBank Accession No. AY134494), Cuba (EMBL Accession No. AJ223505), and the Dominican Republic (GenBank Accession No. AF024715). Similar percentages of identity were obtained with the 550-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY319646). These results confirm that a begomovirus belonging to the species TYLCV-Israel is infecting tomato in Guadeloupe. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TYLCV in this region of the Caribbean. Puerto Rico is the closest location from which TYLCV was previously reported (1). In May 2002, typical TYLCV symptoms were observed in all tomato production areas at an incidence of 80-100 percent. References: (1) J. Bird et al. Plant Dis. 85:1028, 2001. (2) Y. Martinez et al. Rev. Prot. Veg. 18:168, 2003. (3) P. Umaharan et al. Phytopathology 88:1262, 1998. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [TYLCV, an Old World virus first described in Israel in 1964, was apparently unwittingly introduced into the Caribbean region in the early 1990s and continues to cause severe damage to tomato crops in the New World. Its introduction into the region is an excellent example of the interaction between the whitefly vectors (_Bemisia tabaci_and _B. argentifolii_) and tomato that results in rapid spread of a geminivirus. It is present in most Mediterranean countries and parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Japan, Australia, Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, and locally in the U.S. states of Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana. Disease management involves use of virus-free transplants, control of the whitefly vector with chemical insecticides, application of strict phytosanitary measures, and planting of virus-tolerant cultivars. - Mod.DH] [see also: 2002 ---- Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, bean - Cuba 20020707.4682 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus, pepper - Cuba 20020127.3412 2001 ---- Tomato yellow leaf curl virus species 20010622.1187 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus - Bahamas 20010612.1144 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus - USA (Louisiana) 20010327.0623 2000 ---- Tomato yellow mosaic begomovirus - Venezuela 20000430.0661 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus - USA (Florida) 20000229.0278 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus - Spain 20000227.0266 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus - Mexico 20000226.0262 1999 ---- Tomato yellow leaf curl - USA (Florida, Georgia) 19990702.1114 1998 ---- Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus - Algeria 19981121.2244 Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus: spreading 19980528.1026 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - USA (Florida) 19980515.0945] ..........................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:40:11 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Pepino mosaic virus - EPPO countries Message-ID: <37vfnwen6c.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> PEPINO MOSAIC VIRUS - EPPO COUNTRIES ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 22 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 9 [edited] 2003/132 Situation of Pepino mosaic potexvirus in EPPO countries As Pepino mosaic potexvirus (PepMV - EPPO Alert List) is causing a new disease of tomato which is spreading in the EPPO region, the EPPO Secretariat send a questionnaire to all its member countries to review the present situation. Results of the questionnaire were discussed by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. The EPPO Secretariat has summarized below the answers received. When countries have stated the pest status, it is indicated in bold [on the EPPO website]. In other cases, the EPPO Secretariat has summarized the pest situation according to the terms of FAO ISPM no 8. Algeria Pest status: Absent, no pest record. Belgium Pest status: Absent, found in 2001/2002 at 2 production sites of tomato fruits and eliminated; never been found in nurseries producing tomato plants for planting. Under Commission Decision 2001/536/EC, a survey for PepMV presence was done from 2001-02-01 to 2002-09-30. All collected samples were tested at CRA Gembloux (ELISA-test). During quality inspections at tomato auctions, special attention was paid to the presence of suspicious symptoms. 3 fruit suspicious samples were investigated further and 1 of them was positive. Strict hygienic measures were imposed. Of 39 production units of tomatoes, positive samples were found on 2 premises. Strict hygienic measures were imposed and no further infected samples were found. No PepMV was detected in weekly inspections of 212 transplant samples. Denmark Pest status: Absent, no longer found. Found in 2001 and 2002, each year in one nursery of tomato fruits, but not found in 2003. No PepMV was detected in a survey during 2003 of nurseries producing tomato plants and tomato fruits. Found in 2001 and 2002 each year in one nursery (not the same) producing tomato fruits. Estonia Pest status: Absent, confirmed by survey. In 2002, tomato plants from 6 districts were inspected and 18 samples were tested on site for PepMV using 'pocket diagnostic kits'. No PepMV was detected. France Pest status: Present, under official control. Under Commission Decision 2003/64/EC, a national survey of tomato crops was set up. During summer 2002, one outbreak of PepMV was detected in one glasshouse producing tomato fruits in the 'Centre' region. Early in 2003, new outbreaks were detected in tomato fruits from production glasshouses in Bretagne. The origin of these outbreaks was attributed to the importation of one infected seed lot from another EU Member State. Compulsory control measures were applied, including prophylactic measures at infected premises. Germany Pest status: Present, only in 1 site, under protected cultivation. Transient, actionable, under eradication. There have been 4 outbreaks of PepMV since 1999 in German tomato-producing companies which have been reported to EPPO earlier. No PepMV has been detected to date, although the survey for 2003 has not been completed. Nevertheless, one of the companies that was found to be infested last year proved to be infested again in 2003. Symptoms were rare and the economic impact was considered to be low. To determine further possible economic effects of PepMV on tomato yield, a ring test was conducted in 2002, with the participation of Germany, Spain, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The preliminary results of this ring test indicate a moderate effect of this virus on the tomato crop. Guernsey Pest status: Absent, confirmed by survey. All commercial tomato glasshouse crops were checked in 2003 and no PepMV was detected. PepMV has never been found on a growing crop in Guernsey. Monitoring of imported fruits for signs of the virus is continuing. Interceptions have been significantly less than in 2002. All infected fruits were destroyed. Hungary Pest status: PepMV is considered to be absent in Hungary. Tomato crops in the main glasshouse area of the country were surveyed in 2002. ELISA testing of randomly sampled tomato plants yielded only negative results. This survey was continued in 2003. PepMV is considered to be absent in Hungary. PepMV is not listed on the Hungarian quarantine list. Ireland Pest status: Absent, found once in 2002 at one production site and eliminated. PepMV was found at one production site late in 2002. The infected plants were disposed of by deep burial, the production house was disinfected and left idle for 3 weeks. Jersey Pest status: Absent, no pest record. Not recorded on growing plants in Jersey, but identified on imported tomato fruits from Spain (including Islas Canarias). Consignments with positive identification were destroyed. All imported tomatoes are inspected at port of entry by Plant Health Inspectors. Latvia Pest status: Absent, no pest record. Surveys started in 2003 and PepMV was not found. Lithuania Pest status: Absent, confirmed by surveys. National surveys for presence of PepMV have been conducted since 2001. In 2001, no PepMV was detected in 180 samples of tomatoes (corresponding to 2.74 ha), 28 samples of capsicum (0.8 ha) and 2 samples of aubergine (0.2 ha). In 2002, 685 samples of tomatoes (15.369 ha) and 140 samples of cucumber (1.04 ha) were tested and found free. PepMV was detected in 2002 on tomato plants imported from Spain and the Netherlands. In 2003, surveys continued but PepMV has not been detected in national production or on imported tomatoes. Malta Pest status: Absent, confirmed by survey. Over the past year, a survey for the presence of PepMV covering the whole Maltese archipelago was conducted. No PepMV infection was detected. Netherlands Pest status: Present, found at a few production sites of tomato fruits, never found in nurseries producing tomato plants for planting. Results of surveys and research done in the Netherlands are the following: 1. Survey of tomato fruit-producing companies: A survey was conducted at tomato production sites throughout the country. From June to September 2002, tomato crops (leaves and fruits) were inspected for symptoms and samples were collected When symptoms were present, samples of shoots and, if applicable, fruits were taken from the plant. When no symptoms were found on the crop, leaf samples were taken from 10 plants at random in the glasshouse. All samples were sent to the Plant Protection Service in Wageningen and tested by ELISA. 101 randomly selected tomato production sites were visited, of which 35 were PepMV-infected. At 7 tomato production sites, symptoms were observed and the presence of PepMV was confirmed by testing. At the other 94 production sites, leaf samples were taken at random and in 28 of these production sites PepMV was detected by testing. The sources of infection remain unclear. 2. Inspection and testing of nurseries: All 27 nurseries of the Netherlands producing tomato plants were visually inspected every 2 weeks by the Naktuinbouw from October 2001 until September 2002. Suspected plants were observed and tested by ELISA. In addition, random leaf samples were taken at each nursery every 2 weeks and tested by ELISA. 250 inspections were carried out in these nurseries and 75,000 plant samples were tested by ELISA. No symptoms of PepMV were observed during these inspections. All ELISA tests were negative. No nursery was found infected by PepMV. Norway Pest status: Absent. Found once in 2001 and eradicated. In March 2001, PepMV was found in only one case in a glasshouse producing tomato fruit near Stavanger, the main tomato-producing area. Eradication measures were carried out, involving destruction of all plant material and growing media, and disinfection of the glasshouses. Surveys were carried out in 19 other tomato production sites in the area, but no PepMV was detected, nor was the source of infection identified. The outbreak was considered successfully eradicated in April 2001. PepMV has not been found since this outbreak. Poland Pest status: Absent, found once in 2001 on 2 tomato plants at a research station, eradicated. PepMV was found in 2001 at the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Slupia Wielka on 2 plants of glasshouse tomato of Dutch cultivar which were subject to variety testing (DUS: distinctness, uniformity, stability). Circumstantial evidence suggests that the source of the contamination was of foreign origin. Phytosanitary measures were taken and infected plants were removed and destroyed. This was the 1st and only case of PepMV occurrence in Poland. Portugal Pest status: Absent, confirmed by survey. A survey program for PepMV has been implemented since 1999, in the main tomato-producing areas of the country. The program includes phytosanitary inspection of plant nurseries, and tomato production fields. In the last 3 years 1151 samples were collected and 1608 lab tests performed. No PepMV was detected. Slovenia Pest status: Absent, confirmed by survey. PepMV was surveyed in protected tomato crops in 2002. The phytosanitary inspection service inspected 52 glasshouses for visual symptoms and took 18 samples of tomato showing leaf distortion, chlorosis or mosaic. Samples were tested by DAS-ELISA with a commercial antiserum obtained from Plant Research International, Wageningen, NL. All samples tested negative for PepMV. In 2001, no PepMV was detected in 51 tomato plants and some weed species. Spain Pest status: Present, found in Andalucia, Galicia, Communidad Valenciana and Murcia. PepMV was detected in Spain in 2000. According to Commission Decision 2001/536, surveys were done. During 2001/2002, 5070 samples were tested and 377 tested positive for PepMV. Positive samples were collected from Andaluc?-a (135 samples from Almer?-a province), Galicia (59 samples from the provinces of Coruna, and Lugo y Pondevedra), Comunidad Valenciana (35 samples from the provinces of Alicante and Valencia), and Murcia (148 samples) [Not found in Baleares - but no data was given for Islas Canarias]. There were some instances concerning product quality. But the general economic impact in Spanish conditions is small. When figures of tomato production were compared before and after the appearance of the virus, losses were not considered significant. Turkey Pest status: PepMV has not been found in Turkey. Absent, no pest records. United Kingdom Pest status: Present, found in 2002 at 3 production sites of tomato fruits (in England: north-west, north-east, south), under official control. There were 3 outbreaks in 2003, all in glasshouses producing tomatoes for consumption -- one in northwest England, one in the northeast, and one in the south. Different cultivars were infected in each case. All outbreaks are subject to official control measures aimed at containing the outbreak. These measures include strict hygiene precautions and restrictions on marketing of fruit. The NPPO continues to look for infected fruits in trade and restrict movement of such fruits to ensure that they do not go to tomato production or plant propagation premises. Limited resources and the strong focus on _Phytophthora ramorum_ mean that the level of inspection work on tomatoes is much lower than in previous years. Research into the risks posed by this disease, including its economic impact, is continuing, with a commercial scale trial due to report late in the year. Whilst the impact on yield appears variable, with little impact on yield reported in some cases, the principal impact seems to be on quality, with a reduction in production of top-quality fruit. The UK industry is dependent on production of top-quality tomato fruit and lacks alternative outlets; a reduction in quality therefore has a significant economic impact. Ukraine Pest status: Absent, no pest record. PepMV has never been found in Ukraine. Source: NPPOs of EPPO member countries EPPO Secretariat, 2003-09. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Pepino mosaic is a very contagious disease that spreads easily by use of contaminated tools, shoes, clothing, hands, and plant-to-plant contact. Moreover, movement of workers can spread the virus by brushing against infected plants. While a high density of bumblebees has been associated with PepMV spread in a crop, the risk of spreading the virus via hand pollination may be greater. PepMV can be transmitted by grafting or pinching suckers from mother plants. Virus can be spread over long distances by transportation of infected tomato fruits or contaminated seeds. Very strict phytosanitary procedures are required to maintain healthy plants, especially in glasshouse operations. A useful reference: - Mod.DH] [see also: Regulated plant pests, detection, July 2003: EPPO 20030913.2316 Pepino mosaic virus, tomato, new strain - Europe 20030905.2226 2002 ---- Regulated plant pests, detection, Aug 2001: EPPO 20020119.3321 Plant pathogens, intercepts, EPPO 20020717.4782 2001 ---- Regulated plant pests, detection, June 2001: EPPO 20011010.2468 Regulated plant pests, detection, May 2001: EPPO 20011008.2447 Pepino mosaic potexvirus, natural hosts - Spain 20011231.3141 Pepino mosaic potexvirus, tomato - Spain 20011231.3140 Tomato viruses - Tunisia 20010926.2349 Pepino mosaic virus, tomato - Finland 20010916.2240 Regulated plant pests, detection, Apr 2001: EPPO 20010619.1174 Regulated plant pests, detection, Feb 2001: EPPO 20010615.1152 2000 ---- Pepino mosaic potexvirus, tomatoes - Spain 20001013.1750 Pepino mosaic potexvirus - France (Guipavas) 20000505.0687 Pepino mosaic potexvirus: added to EPPO alert list 20000208.0180] .......................................dh/pg/lm *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:38:25 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Pear decline, phytoplasma - Spain (Catalonia) Message-ID: <37hdzgg1tr.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> PEAR DECLINE, PHYTOPLASMA - SPAIN (CATALONIA) ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 11 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: J. Phytopathology Vol. 151, 2003 [edited] Occurrence, Symptom Expression and Characterization of Phytoplasma Associated with Pear Decline Disease in Catalonia (Spain) M. Garcia-Chapa (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Dpt. Proteccio Vegetal, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra de Cabrils s/n, Barcelona 08348, Spain); A. Lavina (as for Garcia-Chapa), I. Sanchez (Universitat de LLeida-IRTA, Avda, Alcalde Rovira Roure 177, Lleida 25006, Spain ); V. Medina (as for Sanchez) and A. Batlle (as for Garcia-Chapa). Correspondence to M. Garcia-Chapa. E-mail: 1500 ha of commercial plots were surveyed to study the extent of pear decline [PD] disease and its relative importance in northeastern Spain. A preliminary evaluation indicated that about 7 percent of the plots had symptoms of the disease. At the same time, PD incidence was evaluated in 45 plots, by visual inspection of 500 trees in each plot. In September, the incidence of trees with symptoms ranged from 8 to 59 percent depending on the cultivar selected. The presence of pear decline (PD) phytoplasma in these plots was confirmed by PCR amplification of phytoplasma DNA with universal or group-specific primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses also showed the presence of a unique phytoplasma strain. Symptom expression of PD disease in different cultivars was evaluated throughout the year. The relationship between the presence of symptoms and detection of PD by PCR in these cultivars was also studied. Results showed that the nested-PCR, using specific primers to detect the DNA from PD phytoplasma, is the most accurate method to identify the total percentage of affected trees. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [The most important fruit tree phytoplasmas in Europe are the closely related apple proliferation (AP), European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), and PD. PD belongs to the apple proliferation clade, which also contains the peach yellow leafroll phytoplasma, neither of which can be distinguished by several molecular tests. RFLP analyses indicated that the PD phytoplasma belongs to subgroup 16SrX-C. The phytoplasma is vectored by the pear psylla (_Cacopsylla pyricola_). _Psylla_ (_Homoptera_: _Psyllidae_) is basically any leaping plant louse of the genus _Psylla_, or family _Psyllidae_. The pear psylla is (_Cacopsylla pyricola_). Expression of the disease depends on rootstock susceptibility, tree vigor, and psylla numbers. Poor shoot and spur growth, shoot dieback, upper rolling of leaves, reduced leaf and fruit size, and premature leaf drop characterize pear decline. Sudden tree collapse can result from tissue damage at the graft union on highly susceptible rootstocks such as _Pyrus serotina_ or _P. ussuriensis_, but slow decline of trees is more common. Management of the disease is based on use of tolerant pear root stocks and _P. betulaefolia_. _Pyrus betulaefolia_ is a rootstock that is tolerant of infection by pear decline (PD). Consequently it is used in orchards as the rootstock underlying the tree. In addition to _P. betulaefolia_ seedling Bartlett and Winter Nelis are also used as rootstocks. Apparently there is no known biological control for pear decline phytoplasma. References: - Mod.DH] [see also: Phytoplasmas, fruit trees, grapevine - Albania 20030819.2083 2002 ---- European stone fruit yellows, phytoplasma - Slovenia 20021113.5788 European stone fruit yellows, phytoplasma - Austria 20020424.4024] .......................................dh/pg/dk *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:38:59 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Monilinia fructicola - EPPO countries Message-ID: <374qvgg1st.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> MONILINIA FRUCTICOLA - EPPO COUNTRIES ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 19 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 2003, No. 9 [edited] 2003/130 Situation of _Monilinia fructicola_ in EPPO countries -------------------------------------------------------------- As _Monilinia fructicola_ [Mf] (EPPO A1 list) was detected for the 1st time in Europe in 2001 (in France), the EPPO Secretariat has sent a questionnaire to all its member countries to review its present situation, and this point was discussed by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Measures. The EPPO Secretariat has summarized below the answers received. When countries have stated the pest status, this is indicated in bold. In other cases, the EPPO Secretariat has summarized the pest situation, which is in also indicated in bold, according to the terms of FAO ISPM no 8. Countries reported free of Mf Algeria - Absent, no pest record Belgium - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests in 2002 were negative for 60 nursery samples (_Malus_, _Prunus avium_, _P. domestica_, _Pyrus_). Denmark - Limited survey in 2002, no Mf detected Estonia - Absent, no pest record. Germany - In a survey of stone and pome fruits (July-October 2000), Mf was not detected in orchards (282), private plots (73), or traded fruit (28). Absent, confirmed by survey. Guernsey - Absent, no pest record. Hungary - Absent. Ireland - In a survey in late 2002 of culinary and cider apples, Mf not found. Absent, confirmed by survey. Jersey - Absent, no pest record. Latvia - Absent, no pest record. Lithuania - Absent, confirmed by survey. _M. fructigena_ is widespread Malta - Absent, no pest record. Netherlands - Mf was not detected in several fruit species (plums, sweet cherry, apple, pear and apricot) in a survey (June-September, 2002) of 123 samples collected from 113 sites. Absent, confirmed by survey. Norway - Mf has never been found. Absent, no pest record. Poland - Mf has never been found. Absent, no pest record. Portugal - Mf is not present in the country. Absent, confirmed by survey. Slovenia - _Mf was not detected in 50 samples in a preliminary survey in 2002 of various _Prunus_ spp.(_P. persica_, _P. armeniaca_, _P. domestica_, _P. avium_, _P. cerasus_, _P. serrulata_) nor in samples from _Malus domestica_, _Pyrus communis_ and _Corylus avellana_. Absent, confirmed by survey. Spain - Mf has not been detected in Spain. Absent, confirmed by survey. Turkey - Mf has never been found in Turkey. Absent, no pest record. United Kingdom - No Mf was found in 107 samples of _Prunus_, _Malus_, _Pyrus_ and _Cydonia_ in a survey during September and November 2002. Absent, confirmed by survey. Ukraine - Mf has never been found in the country. Absent, no pest record. The only country reporting Mf infection of tree fruits was France. Following the 1st finding of the disease in summer 2001 (see EPPO RS 2002/03), a survey was initiated in peach orchards in the south east of France. The disease was detected in a zone extending from the department of Gard (near Costieres) to Dr?me (north of Valence). In 2002, it was decided to extend the survey to the whole of France and to all susceptible fruit-tree species (Prunus, Malus, Pyrus). In zones which had already been found infected in 2001, the survey was extended to species other than peach, and to peach-growing areas which had not been inspected in 2001, in order to delimit the focus better. In 2002, positive results were only detected on peach, in areas which had already been found infected in 2001 (Gard, Vaucluse, Drome, Ardeche (Rhone valley only). On peach, which appears to be the most susceptible species, no infection was detected in other parts of France. The declared status of Mf in France is: Present but contained, under official control. Source: NPPOs of EPPO member countries. EPPO Secretariat, 2003-09. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Only one of 22 countries surveyed reported the presence of Mf in its jurisdiction. Pathologists from several countries indicated that surveys will be done in 2003 and perhaps in later years. Mf is one of 3 species that cause brown rot of stone and pome fruits, the others being _M. laxa_ and _M. fructigena_. Management of Mf is usually not a problem on early maturing cultivars. Application of fungicide sprays to reduce blossom and twig blight help minimize loss to ripe fruit rot at harvest. Removal of remaining fruit from trees soon after harvest will help reduce inoculum the following spring. - Mod.DH] [see also: Brown rot, wine grapes - Canada: first report 20030923.2400 Regulated plant pests, detection, April 2003: EPPO 20030719.1770 2002 --- Brown rot, peach - Austria 20021213.6050 Plant pathogens, intercepts, EPPO 20020717.4782 Monilinia, peaches - France 20020323.3801] ........................dh/pg/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:38:34 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Quarantine pests, surveys - Latvia: 2000 Message-ID: <37d6a4g1ti.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> QUARANTINE PESTS, SURVEYS - LATVIA: 2000 ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 18 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 8 [edited] 2003/119 Results of 2002 surveys on quarantine pests in Latvia -------------------------------------------------------------- [Diseases of crops other than those listed in the newly revised list are not included in this report. See the list of major food crops at the ProMED-mail website at end of this message. - Mod.DH] During 2002, several surveys for different plant quarantine pests were carried out in Latvia (for 2001 results see EPPO RS 2002/075). _Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp. _sepedonicus_ [Cms] and _Ralstonia solanacearum_ [Rs] (both EPPO A2 list) 59 seed-potato production farms were inspected and 189 samples were taken for detection of potato ring rot and brown rot. Cms was found in 6 farms with infected fields (total area of 36.45 ha). Control measures are being taken in accordance with EU Council Directive 93/85. In 2003, the Ministry of Agriculture also allocated financial compensations to infested farms in order to reduce their losses due to the application of compulsory phytosanitary measures. Rs was not found. Cms: Present, found at 6 production sites, under official control. Rs: Absent, confirmed by survey. _Globodera rostochiensis_ [Gr] and _G. pallida_ [Gp] (both EPPO A2 list) 7614 soil samples were collected from 85 seed-potato production farms and 194 nurseries. Inspections were also carried out on these sites. Gr was confirmed in 231 samples corresponding to 10 seed-potato production farms (infested area of 31.6 ha) and 7 nurseries (4.07 ha). Eradication measures are being taken in the infested areas. Gp was not found. Gr: Present, found in 10 seed-potato production sites and 7 nurseries, under eradication. Gp: Absent, confirmed by survey. Source: NPPO of Latvia, 2003-09. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Bacterial ring rot of potato caused by Cms is difficult to manage. Key management strategies include use of strict phytosanitary regimens to eliminate the pathogen and the use of certified disease-free seed. Similar strategies are used in the management of Rs. Both Gp and Gr cause substantial yield losses to potato farmers, particularly in Europe. In Scotland, one ton/acre is lost for every 20 eggs/g soil. Continuous cropping of cultivars resistant to Gr selects for pathotypes of Gp. Disease management utilizes nematicides and resistant cultivars. Seeds of 3 varieties segregating for resistance to 2 pathotypes of Gr (Ro1 and Ro2) and 2 pathotypes of G (Pa2 and Pa3) have been released by Cornell University and USDA/ARS. The resistance is suitable for North American production. It was developed in anticipation of the eventual introduction of pathotypes of Gp, prevalent in many other potato production areas of the world, into North America. Useful reference: - Mod.DH] [see also: Major food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant: correction 20031211.3039] ........................dh/pg/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Dec 31 13:40:44 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:14:00 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Cadang-cadang disease, coconut - Philippines Message-ID: <37n098en5f.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CADANG-CADANG DISEASE, COCONUT - PHILIPPINES **************************************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 28 Dec 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 9 [edited] 2003/137 Present situation of Coconut cadang-cadang cocadviroid in the Philippines ----------- Coconut cadang-cadang cocadviroid [CCCVd] (EPPO A1 list) causes serious economic losses to the coconut industry in the Philippines. Losses of 1.1 million EUR are expected in coconut farms located in the regions of Bicol, Aurora, and Quezon (regions and provinces of Luzon island) and Eastern Samar (province of Samar island). Coconut cadang-cadang disease occurs in the central-eastern part of the Archipelago and affects approximately 500 000 ha of coconut trees. CCCVd occurs in: Polillo island, Luzon island (parts of the provinces of Aurora, Camarines Sur (area of Bicol), Quezon), Samar island (province of Eastern Samar), Masbate, and Homohonhon islands. Source: ProMED posting of 2003-08-11 Cadang-cadang disease, coconut - Philippines. ------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Coconut cadang-cadang, a lethal disease restricted to the Philippines, was first reported in 1937. CCCVd is the most serious of all known viroids because of its lethality. It has killed over 40 million coconut palms and still kills between 200 000 - 400 000 palms annually. It is spread by unknown means, is seed-transmitted (1/320 seedlings), and also transmitted by pollen. CCCVd contains 246 or 247 nucleotides and is the smallest known nucleic acid- containing pathogen. Coconut palms less than 10 years old are rarely affected, but disease incidence increases rapidly to about 40 years, remaining constant thereafter. Disease management basically involves eradication of infected palms when they become symptomatic. No resistance to CCCVd has been identified. The related Coconut tinangaja disease, reported in 1917, is confined to Guam, where it affected 30 percent of coconut plants and led to the end of commercial production on the island. CTiVd and CCCVd are the only viroids that infect monocotyledons. Inasmuch as CCCVd and CTiVd occur separately in the Philippines and Guam, respectively, it would be interesting to monitor differences in genomic sequences between the 2 viroids over time. A revised description of CCCVD has just been published and is available at the following URL: A summary of the CTiVD and the disease it causes is available at the following URL: [see also: Cadang-Cadang disease, coconut - Philippines 20030813.2011 1999 ---- Tinangaja disease, coconuts - Guam 19990513.0782] .......................................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ * * * Please support the 2003 ProMED-mail Internet-a-thon! * * http://www.isid.org/netathon2003.shtml * * * ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################