From brian at gweep.ca Fri Aug 1 09:29:09 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Cucurbit yellow vine disease - USA: etiology Message-ID: <37u191flbu.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CUCURBIT YELLOW VINE DISEASE - USA: ETIOLOGY *************************************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 31 Jul 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: Amer Phytopathol Soc, PLANT DISEASE [edited] _Serratia marcescens_, a Phloem-Colonizing, Squash Bug-Transmitted Bacterium: Causal Agent of Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease. B. D. Bruton, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lane, OK 74555; F. Mitchell, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Stephenville 76401; J. Fletcher, Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078; S. D. Pair, USDA-ARS, Lane, OK; A. Wayadande, Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; U. Melcher, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University; J. Brady, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station; B. Bextine, Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; and T. W. Popham, USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075. Plant Dis. 87:937-944. Accepted for publication 26 Mar 2003. Cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD), which can inflict heavy losses to watermelon, pumpkin, cantaloupe, and squash in U.S. production areas from the midwest to northeastern states, causes phloem discoloration, foliar yellowing, wilting, and plant decline. Bacteria were cultured from the phloem of crown sections of symptomatic plants of _Citrullus lanatas_ and _Cucurbita pepo_. Those bacteria testing positive in CYVD-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were all gram-negative and appeared morphologically identical, producing creamy white, smooth, entire, convex colonies on Luria-Bertani or nutrient agar. Characterized cucurbit-derived strains of _Serratia marcescens_ were introduced into greenhouse-grown squash plants by puncture inoculation and into field-grown squash plants by enclosure with _S. marcescens_-fed squash bugs, _Anasa tristis_. Up to 60 percent of the bacteria-inoculated plants in the greenhouse and up to 17 percent of field plants caged with inoculative squash developed phloem discoloration and tested positive for _S. marcescens_ by CYVD-specific PCR. None of the controls developed phloem discoloration or tested positive by PCR. Of the diseased field plants, 12 percent (2 of 35) also yellowed, wilted, and collapsed, exhibiting full symptom development of CYVD. However, neither plant collapse nor decline was observed in the greenhouse-grown, puncture-inoculated plants. The morphology, growth habit, and PCR reaction of bacteria cultured from crown tissue of a subset of plants in each experimental group were indistinguishable from those of the inoculum bacteria. Evidence presented from our studies confirms that the squash bug can transmit _S. marcescens_, the CYVD causal bacterium. The _S. marcescens_-_A. tristis_ relationship described here is the first instance in which the squash bug has been identified as a vector of a plant pathogen. Our experiments represent a completion of the steps of Koch's postulates, demonstrating that _S. marcescens_ is the causal agent of CYVD and that the squash bug, _A. tristis_, is a vector of the pathogen. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [This report confirms that a strain of the ubiquitous bacterium, _S. marcescens_ [Sm], is the causal organism of CYVD in cucurbits and that the squash bug, _Anasa tristis_, is a vector that transmits the pathogen to its cucurbit hosts. Whereas the results of earlier attempts to identify and characterize the pathogen were equivocal, this report shows that Sm is a walled bacterium that can be grown on nutrient agar, thus allowing for completion of Koch's postulates. CYVD occurs on cucurbit crops in Oklahoma, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Arkansas. >From a public health perspective, Sm is now considered a harmful human pathogen known to cause urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumonia. A pertinent references re: human infections: - Mod.DH] [Elkhorn coral is being killed by _S. marcensens_ (see ref. below). Another example of a microbe pathogenic to both plants and humans is _Burkholderia cepacia_ (formerly _Pseudomonas_), the cause of pneumonia, especially in cystic fibrosis patients, as well as the cause of sour skin disease of onions. - Mod.LL/JW] [see also: Citrus huanglongbing - Bhutan 20030404.0823 Citrus huanglongbin - Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 20030528.1307 Coral reef kills, human waste suspected - Caribbean 20020627.4622 2002 ----- Cucurbit yellow vine disease, etiology - USA 20020704.4670 Liberobacter, citrus greening - Papua New Guinea 20021127.5909] .............................dh/ll/jw/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Fri Aug 1 21:25:28 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Citrus tristeza virus - Algeria (02) Message-ID: <37brv8d9lk.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS - ALGERIA (02) ****************************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 30 Jul 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 5[edited] 2003/072 Additional information on Citrus tristeza closterovirus in Algeria ---------------------------------------- As reported in EPPO RS 2003/052, Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV - EPPO A2 quarantine pest) was found in 2 citrus multiplication plots at the experimental stations of Beni Tamou and Chebli (Wilaya of Blida). Specific eradication measures were applied on the 2 isolated foci. The Algerian NPPO now considers that CTV has been eradicated. Official surveys are still being implemented to verify absence of the CTV in affected plots and their vicinity by using standardized test methods, before phytosanitary measures can be completely lifted in the quarantine area. Source: NPPO of Algeria, 2003-06-18. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [The Algerian NPPO is acting prudently so as to be certain that all infected material in the citrus propagation plots has been eradicated. - Mod.DH] [see also: Citrus tristeza virus - Algeria 20030718.1760 Citrus sudden death, oranges - Brazil 20030320.0696 Citrus tristeza virus, citrus - Italy (Sicily) 20030312.0609 2002 ---- Citrus tristeza closterovirus, sweet orange - Greece 20020307.3702 2000 ---- Citrus tristeza closterovirus - Turkey 20000402.0486 1999 ---- Citrus tristeza closterovirus - Albania 19991129.2104 Citrus diseases: mandatory certification 19981013.2026] ..........................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Aug 6 10:48:06 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Cucurbit yellow vine disease - USA (O2): etiology Message-ID: <37adam7mwq.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CUCURBIT YELLOW VINE DISEASE - USA (02): ETIOLOGY ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 1 Aug 2003 From: Dick Hamilton, ProMED-mail Plant Disease Moderator A ProMED-mail piece dated 31 Jul 2003 regarding the bacterium that causes cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD) in several cucurbit species requires clarification. While it could be construed that _Serattia marcescens_ [Sm] was indicted as a human pathogen in the posting, that is only one aspect of the ecology of this cosmopolitan bacterium. Bruton and colleagues in Oklahoma have provided substantial evidence that CYVD strains are phloem-inhabiting bacteria that are physiologically very different from human strains. Moreover, there are many other Sm strains, including those that are being evaluated as biocontrol agents for plant disease control, others that cause disease in insects, and a endosymbiont that fixes nitrogen in rice plants. Sm is ubiquitous, but it is very unlikely that strains from most habitats are human pathogens. Nevertheless, the fact remains that some strains/isolates of Sm are opportunistic human pathogens. As a general rule, Sm is a hospital-acquired pathogen affecting debilitated individuals, especially those with catheters and/or endotracheal tubes. It is uncommonly acquired outside the hospital. There are similar instances of phytopathogenic bacteria causing infection in humans. For example, _Burkholderia cepacia_ causes nosocomial infections that may be a significant problem in patients with cystic fibrosis -- and causes sour-skin disease in onion. I am indebted to Benny D. Bruton (USDA, ARS, Lane, OK) and Larry Lutwick (ProMED-mail Bacterial Disease Moderator) for their assistance in preparing this comment on CYVD etiology. -- Dick Hamilton ProMED-mail Plant Disease Moderator Senior Research Scientist (Retired) Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Richmond, BC CANADA [see also: Cucurbit yellow vine disease - USA: etiology 20030731.1878 2002 ---- Cucurbit yellow vine disease, etiology - USA 20020704.4670] .....................dh/ll/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Aug 6 10:48:34 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia: eradication Message-ID: <3765la7mvx.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> POTATO SPINDLE TUBER, TOMATO - AUSTRALIA: ERADICATION ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 3 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 5 [edited] 2003/076 Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid is no longer found in Australia Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid (PSTVd - EPPO A2 quarantine pest) had been detected previously in potato breeding programmes in Victoria and New South Wales in 1982 and eradicated. Subsequently, it was detected and eradicated in breeding tomatoes in Northern Territory and at a third property in Western Australia. In June 2001 it was found in glasshouse tomatoes in New South Wales (2 plants on one farm). Surveys of glasshouse tomatoes were recently finalized in New South Wales. 500 000 tomato plants grown on 15 properties were surveyed over the last 12 months; no symptoms were observed. On the farm where the 2 infected plants had been found, monthly inspections failed to detect the disease. It is considered that the outbreak in Western Australia has been eradicated and that PSTVd is no longer present in Australia. The situation of PSTVd in Australia can be described as follows: Absent, reported in the past but no longer found. Sources: Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) 1 & 2, ProMED postings of 2003-06-18 & 2003-06-20. [see references below] Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid -- ProMED-mail [PSTVd is notoriously difficult to eradicate from affected seed stock. It is a major pathogen of solanaceous crops, causing spindle tuber in potato and bunchy top in tomato. Crop losses can be extensive (up to 65 percent in potato and as much as 50 percent in tomato). It is widely distributed in parts of North and South America, Asia, and Oceania. More recently PSTVd has been reported in France (potato) and the Netherlands (tomato). Unfortunately, the disease is established in eastern Europe, including Poland, and others may follow. Disease management involves use of viroid-free seed, strict adherence to phytosanitation, and use of bleach to disinfest equipment, tools, and production benches. Additional reference: - Mod.DH] [see also: Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) (02) 20030620.1516 Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) 20030618.1506 2002 ---- Potato spindle tuber viroid, potato - France 20021011.5520 2001 ---- Potato spindle tuber viroid, tomatoes - Australia 20010622.1186 Potato spindle tuber viroid - New Zealand 20010314.0514 2000 ---- Potato spindle tuber viroid - Costa Rica 20000221.0236] .......................................dh/pg/mpp *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Aug 6 14:52:06 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Citrus tristeza virus - Italy (Sicily) (02) Message-ID: <37d6fi4ih5.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS - ITALY (SICILY) (02) ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 5 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 5 [edited] 2003/071 First outbreak of Citrus tristeza virus near Siracusa, Sicilia (IT) During surveys for the selection of superior old citrus lines done near Siracusa (Sicilia, Italy), trees in several blocks of mandarin (_Citrus reticulata_ cvs. Fortune, Nova), Satsuma (_C.unshiu_), and grapefruit (_C. paradisi_ cv. Marsh) showed stunting, decline, dieback, reduction of fruit size, and often pinholing near the bud-union line. As these symptoms are often associated with Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV - EPPO A2 quarantine pest), further tests were done. Young shoots were collected from 600 Fortune, 300 Nova, 400 Satsuma and 20 Marsh grapefruit, and tested by DAS-ELISA and immunoprinting ELISA using CTV polyclonal antibodies. All samples tested positive. Total RNA was extracted from 50 of these plants (25 Fortune, 15 Nova, 5 Satsuma, 5 grapefruit) and tested by RT-PCR. The presence of CTV was confirmed. Studies were done to trace the history of plants growing in the affected blocks. All trees had been propagated from infected budwood most probably illegally imported from Spain 10 years ago. It is estimated that in the area of Siracusa approximately 10 000 trees are now infected, with some evidence suggesting that natural spread is occurring. Additional surveys are being done better to estimate the incidence of the disease, to verify its dissemination by aphid vectors and to characterize virus strains present in the area. Sporadic detections of CTV-infected trees have been noted previously in Italy, but this is the first report of a significant outbreak in a citrus-growing area, and thus is a major threat to the Italian citrus industry. Citrus is grown in Sicilia on 100 000 ha, mostly on susceptible sour orange rootstocks. The situation of CTV in Italy can be described as follows: Present, found in the area of Siracusa, Sicilia. In other parts of Italy, it has been found erratically and is not established. Under official control. Source: Davino, S.; Davino, M.; Sambade, A.; Guardo, M.; Caruso, A. (2003) The first Citrus tristeza virus outbreak found in a relevant citrus producing area of Sicily, Italy. Plant Disease, 87(3), p 314. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [CTV is aphid-transmitted and the disease (quick decline in USA; Hassaku dwarf in Japan) is considered the most damaging of all citrus diseases. Sour orange rootstocks are susceptible to CTV and are a major factor in perpetuating the disease. Use of certified budstocks and resistant rootstocks are the primary disease management strategies for this disease. Inoculation of budstock with mild CTV strains can also be a protective measure in disease control. Additional reference: - Mod.DH] [see also: Citrus tristeza virus - Algeria (02) 20030801.1886 Citrus tristeza closterovirus - Algeria 20030718.1760 Citrus sudden death, oranges - Brazil 20030320.0696 Citrus tristeza virus, citrus - Italy (Sicily) 20030312.0609 2002 ---- Citrus tristeza closterovirus, sweet orange - Greece 20020307.3702 2000 ---- Citrus tristeza closterovirus - Turkey 20000402.0486 1999 ---- Citrus tristeza closterovirus - Albania 19991129.2104 1998 ---- Citrus diseases: mandatory certification 19981013.2026 Citrus: Plant Disease Notes 19980814.1618] .......................................dh/pg/mpp *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Aug 6 14:52:41 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Potato spindle tuber viroid - Canada: eradication Message-ID: <378yq64ig7.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> POTATO SPINDLE TUBER VIROID, POTATO - CANADA: ERADICATION ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 5 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 5 [edited] 2003/077 Absence of Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid in Canada The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has recently informed the EPPO Secretariat about the status of Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid (PSTVd - EPPO A2 quarantine pest) in Canada. There were occurrences of PSTVd in Canada in the 1950s, and at that time several actions were taken, mostly through the seed potato certification programme, to eradicate PSTVd from Canada. All nuclear stock seed potatoes were laboratory-tested and inspections of other stages followed in cases of suspected viroid infection. As a result PSTVd has not been found in Canadian seed potatoes since 1980. No PSTVd has been detected in Prince Edward Island or New Brunswick since 1989, and it has been officially considered eradicated on the basis of regular surveys. More recently, surveys confirmed its absence from 3 other provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan (De Boer et al., 2002). In these provinces, 400 leaves were randomly collected from 201 and 225 fields of seed and ware potatoes, respectively, in 1999 and 2000. Composite samples of 100 leaves were tested (by dot-blot) for PSTVd and all results were negative. Considering the negative results obtained in laboratory tests and the failure to detect the disease in field inspections for many years, Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan should be considered as PSTVd-free. Additional surveys are ongoing in Nova Scotia, Ontario, Newfoundland, Manitoba, Quebec on seed and ware potatoes, in an effort to declare PSTVd officially eradicated from Canada. So far, PSTVd has not been detected. CFIA also pointed out that PSTVd has never been found on tomato in Canada. The situation of PSTVd in Canada can be described as follows: Absent, reported in the 1950s but no longer found. Ongoing surveys are being performed in view of an official declaration of eradication. Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant Health Division, 2003-06-16. De Boer, S.H.; Xu, H.; DeHaan, T.L. (2002). Potato spindle tuber viroid not found in western Canadian provinces. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 24: 372-375. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Eradication of any pathogen is an accomplishment. However, pathogens have a way of unexpectedly returning. The price of PSTVd freedom is vigilance on the part of quarantine agencies and sensible actions of those who are in the business of moving germ plasm around the world. - Mod.DH] [see also: Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia: eradication 20030804.1913 Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) (02) 20030620.1516 Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) 20030618.1506 2002 ---- Potato spindle tuber viroid, potato - France 20021011.5520 2001 ---- Potato spindle tuber viroid, tomatoes - Australia 20010622.1186 Potato spindle tuber viroid - New Zealand 20010314.0514 2000 ---- Potato spindle tuber viroid - Costa Rica 20000221.0236] .......................................dh/pg/mpp *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Fri Aug 8 09:53:34 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Xylella fastidiosa, citrus - Brazil: seed transmission Message-ID: <37vft8uow1.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA, CITRUS - BRAZIL: SEED TRANSMISSION ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 6 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), 1 Aug 2003 [edited] New pathway discovered for the transmission of _Xylella fastidiosa_ _Xylella fastidiosa_ [Xf], a bacterium thought to be spread only by insect vectors such as glassy-winged sharpshooters or contaminated budwood, is now known to infect and colonize orange fruit tissues and seeds and to be transmissible from seeds to seedlings. This is the first report of Xf transmission through seeds. Various strains of _Xylella_ cause diseases in economically important crops such as citrus variegated chlorosis in Brazilian oranges, coffee leaf scorch in South America, and Pierce's disease of grapevines in North and Central America. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [In addition to insect vectors and contaminated budwood, Xf, which causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), can be spread through root grafts between healthy and Xf-infected roots. The disease is known as "pecosita" in Argentina, and "amarelino de citros" or "amarelinho de citros" in Brazil. Affected sweet orange trees are debilitated, their fruits are smaller and lacking in juice, and they have no market value. Xf, which is a xylem-limited bacterium, was detected by PCR in peduncles, in axial, dorsal, and marginal bundles, and septa of diseased fruits. Seed transmission of Xf is about 25 percent, efficient enough to perpetuate the disease. Of considerable interest is that the bacterium that causes coffee leaf scorch ("requiema do cafe") in Brazil is closely related to Xf, and that citrus strains of that bacterium can induce coffee leaf scorch disease. The possibility that Xf is seed-transmitted in coffee must be investigated. This study is an excellent example of how a long-standing perception of a biological process can be overturned. Xf was found in peduncles in 1990 when it was first associated with the disease but the significance of its involvement in pathogenesis went unappreciated. The use of PCR opened the way for investigations that led to proof of seed transmission in citrus seeds. Note: Reference paper: Li, W.-B et al., 2003. Presence of _Xylella fastidiosa_ in sweet orange fruit and seeds and its transmission to seedlings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 93 (8): 953-958. - Mod.DH] [see also: 2001 ---- Xylella fastidiosa, grape - USA (California) 20011122.2858 Xylella fastidiosa, spread by root grafts: correction 20010618.1170 Xylella fastidiosa, spread by root grafts - Brazil 20010612.1145 2000 ---- Xylella fastidiosa, genome sequenced - Brazil 20000716.1178 Xylella fastidiosa, genes mapped 20000715.1174 1997 ---- Xylella in coffee - Brazil 19970320.0593] .......................................dh/pg/mpp *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Fri Aug 8 09:54:10 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Fire blight, apple, pear - Slovak Republic Message-ID: <37r83wuov1.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> FIRE BLIGHT, APPLE, PEAR - SLOVAK REPUBLIC ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 7 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/083 First report of _Erwinia amylovora_ in Slovak Republic The NPPO of Slovakia recently informed the EPPO Secretariat of the first findings of _Erwinia amylovora_ [Ea] (EPPO A2 quarantine pest). The first outbreaks of fireblight in the Slovak Republic were detected in mid-June, 2003. These outbreaks were detected at 8 sites in southern Slovakia, mainly in regions bordering Hungary. All cases were trees grown in private gardens. Quince (5 cases), apple (2 cases), and pear (1 case) were infected. 7 cases were detected in Kosice-okolie district (south-eastern Slovakia) and 1 case in Levice district (south-western Slovakia). Emergency phytosanitary measures to eradicate the disease and to hinder any further spread have been taken, and monitoring of the infected regions has been intensified as required by the Slovak law currently in force. The situation of Ea in Slovakia can be described as follows: Present, first detected in June 2003 only in private gardens, 7 cases in Kosice-okolie district (south-east) and 1 case in Levice district (south-west), under eradication. Source: NPPO of Slovakia, 2003-07-03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Disease management requires attention to the use of phytosanitary procedures and sterilization of pruning tools. In cases of heavy infection over time, affected trees should be removed and burned. - Mod.DH] [see also: Fireblight, apple, pear - Slovenia 20030729.1863 2002 ---- Fireblight, plant host survey - Slovakia 20020727.4872 2001 ---- Fire blight, apple, pear - Switzerland 20011206.2964 Fire blight, apple, pear - Slovenia 20011205.2946 Fire blight, apples - Spain 20000321.0401] .......................................dh/pg/mpp *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Aug 13 16:11:59 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Cadang-Cadang disease, coconut - Philippines Message-ID: <37he4lfbrk.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CADANG-CADANG DISEASE, COCONUT - PHILIPPINES ******************************************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 11 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: The Manila Times [edited] Virus threatens coconuts in Bicol, Aurora, Quezon ------------------------------------------------- The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) reports that the coconut industry will lose some USD 1.4 million in revenues because of a disease plaguing coconut farms in the Bicol region, parts of Aurora and Quezon provinces and Eastern Samar. PCA Administrator Danilo Coronacion said they are now addressing the problems caused by "cadang-cadang", which affects coconut trees. The PCA has imposed a quarantine on affected areas and formed teams to address the problem. Coronacion noted that the disease is endemic in the whole of Bicol and spread over Quezon provinces including Polillo Island, its boundary with Aurora and Homohonhon Island in Eastern Samar. He said the lumber and fruits coming from these affected areas should be isolated in safe sites, as cadang-cadang is a highly contagious disease that can spread easily from one coconut tree to another. PCA records showed there are about 500 000 hectares of coconut trees already afflicted by cadang-cadang. Because of the disease, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan have all imposed a ban on coconut products from the Philippines. Cadang-cadang," which comes from a Bicol term "gadan-gadan" meaning dead or dying, is a premature decline and death of coconut and palm trees in the Philippines associated with viroid infection. [byline: Ronnie E Calumpita] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [The causal agent of cadang-cadang disease is coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd), the type species of the Cocadviroid genus. A related species, coconut tinangaja viroid (CTiVd), shares about 65 per cent overall sequence with CCCVd. Both cause lethal infections in coconut, causing death within 10 years of diagnosis. Coconut production on Guam is practically non-existent following the death of 30 million trees in the period from 1950 to 1980. Incidence of the disease is about 30 per cent. There is some evidence that CTiVd is seed-transmitted at very low levels. In the Philippines, the disease occurs in the central region (southern Luzon, Samar, Masbate, and smaller islands within a zone about 600 km x 300 km). Disease management requires use of sterilized pruning tools to avoid spread of the viroid. - Mod.DH] [see also: 1999 --- Tinangaja disease, coconuts - Guam 19990513.0782] .........................mpp/dh/pg/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Thu Aug 14 10:03:55 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Clavibacter sp., Ralstonia sp., potato - Germany Message-ID: <37r83orzth.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CLAVIBACTER SP., RALSTONIA SP., POTATO - GERMANY ************************************************ A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 11 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/086 Results of surveys for potato bacteria in Germany (harvest 2002) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- The NPPO of Germany recently informed the EPPO Secretariat of the results of the surveys carried out on the 2002 potato harvest for the presence of _Clavibacter michiganensis_ subsp. _sepedonicus_ [Cms] and _Ralstonia solanacearum_ [Rs] (both EPPO A2 quarantine pests). Results of the 2001 survey were presented in EPPO RS 2002/143. 1. Cms (ring rot) In the potato survey of the 2002 production season, carried out on the basis of Council Directive 93/85/EEC, a total of 17 049 samples (10 837 seed samples; 4920 ware samples) were tested in the laboratory for ring rot. Samples were taken from seed potatoes (10 837 samples), ware potatoes (4920 samples) as well as samples from gene banks, breeding material, and potatoes in trade. Thorough analyses were carried out to trace back the origin and relationship of infections. 4 ring rot samples (seed potatoes) and 27 ware samples were infected with ringrot. As in previous years, control measures according to Council Directive 93/85/EEC were taken. Regarding seed potato, the ring rot situation was significantly improved in 2002 in all aspects (number of affected Federal States, production sites, production, lots and cases) in comparison to that of previous years. This may be attributed to application of harmonized eradication measures and improved mutual information. Pest status: Present in some areas at low prevalence; under eradication. 2. Rs (brown rot) In the potato survey during the 2002 production season, carried out on the basis of Council Directive 98/57/EC, 16 684 samples were tested for brown rot. Samples were taken from seed potatoes (10 837 samples), ware potatoes (4555 samples), from gene banks and breeding material, and from potatoes in trade. In 7 Federal States, 146 samples from watercourses were tested for contamination with brown rot. 1 infected ware potato sample was infected but no infected seed potatoes were found. Thorough analyses were carried out in order to trace back the origin of infection, which could however not be clarified. Contamination of watercourses was found at 4 sampling sites previously found positive during the 2001 sampling. Pest status: transient, single case; under eradication. Source: NPPO of Germany, 2003-07-10. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Infection levels for each pathogen are low, and that is gratifying. For Cms, 4 seed samples and 27 ware samples were infected in 2002 compared to 11 and 27 samples, respectively, in 2001. Total samples were 17 049 in 2002 and 16 985 in 2001. For Rs, no infected seed samples were recorded and only 1 ware sample was infected. Total samples were 16 684 in 2002 and 16 859 in 2001. - Mod.DH] [see also: 2002 --- Bacterial wilt, potato - Canada (PEI) 20021215.6074 Clavibacter and Ralstonia spp., potato - Germany 20021016.5561 Bacterial pathogens, potato - Slovakia 20020724.4852 Bacterial wilt, ring rot, potato - Estonia 20020723.4841 Clavibacter, new PCR detection system 20000522.0808 Clavibacter sp., potato ring rot - Sweden 20020419.3986 Clavibacter, potato ring rot - Germany 20020120.3326 Clavibacter, potato, imported - Cyprus ex Germany 20020116.3276 2001 --- Clavibacter sp., first report, potato - Austria 20011020.2584 Clavibacter sp., potato - Finland 20010606.1112 Ralstonia sp., eradicated - France 20010507.0878 1999 --- Clavibacter, potatoes - Lithuania 19990927.1731 Ralstonia potato wilt, prevention - France 19990820.1441 Bacterial wilt, potato - Egypt: EU import ban 19990722.1236] ......................dh/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Thu Aug 14 10:04:24 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Potato spindle tuber viroid, eradication - France Message-ID: <37n0ecrzsn.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> POTATO SPINDLE TUBER VIROID, ERADICATION - FRANCE ************************************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 11 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/087 Results of the 2002/2003 survey on potato spindle tuber pospiviroid in France: eradication has been achieved ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- The NPPO of France recently informed the EPPO Secretariat of the results of the 2002/2003 survey on potato spindle tuber pospiviroid (EPPO A2 quarantine pest). A few findings were made in 2001 (see EPPO RS 2002/145). Surveys were done in the areas where PSTVd had previously been found. All potato material from these areas, either grown under glasshouse or in the field, was tested. All potato lots (387 potato lots corresponding to more than 8000 tests) gave negative results. In addition, surveys were done to verify the absence of PSTVd from the French seed production system. Therefore tests were also done on potato material from the national collection (located at Hanvec, Bretagne), from collections of 3 regional seed production centres, and also on 10 per cent of seed potato lots (B1 to B4 seed potato lots produced in 2002). In total, more than 4500 tests were performed and all results were negative. The declared status of potato spindle tuber pospiviroid in France is: absent, eradicated. Source: NPPO of France, 2003-07. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Eradication of PSTVd is good news. However, I would have appreciated details on the method(s) used to detect PSTVd. Perhaps our French colleagues can provide that information. - Mod.DH] [see also: Potato spindle tuber viroid - Canada: eradication 20030806.1928 Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia: eradication 20030804.1913 Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) (02) 20030620.1516 Potato spindle tuber, tomato - Australia (NSW) 20030618.1506 2002 --- Potato spindle tuber viroid, potato - France 20021011.5520 Potato spindle tuber viroid, tomatos - Australia 20010622.1186 Potato spindle tuber viroid - New Zealand 20010314.0514 2000 --- Potato spindle tuber viroid - Costa Rica 20000221.0236] ......................dh/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Thu Aug 14 17:25:18 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> EPPO alert list: new listings (05) Message-ID: <37n0ebom8x.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> EPPO ALERT LIST: NEW LISTINGS ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 13 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/090 Citrus sudden death is a new disease in Brazil: addition to the EPPO Alert List ------------------------------------------------------- Citrus sudden death [CSD] is a new lethal disease of unknown etiology, which has recently emerged in Brazil. First symptoms were observed in 1999 in Minas Gerais (in Triangulo Mineiro), and then spread to northern Sao Paulo, which is a major citrus-growing area. It is estimated that 500 trees were affected in 1999, 300 000 at the beginning of 2002, and that the disease has killed about 1 million citrus trees within 20 months. Spatio-temporal studies suggested a biotic cause for the disease (possibly a vectorborne pathogen). So far, all attempts to detect fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, and viroids have failed. The symptoms observed are similar to the quick-decline form of Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV - EPPO A2 quarantine pest), suggesting that a particular strain of CTV could be involved in this lethal disease. An important campaign has been launched in Brazil to control this lethal disease and start research programmes. The cause of citrus sudden death remains unknown but a pathogen is suspected. The plants affected are: sweet orange (_Citrus sinensis_ cvs. Baia, Baianinha, Hamlin, Natal, Pera, Rubi, Rio, Westin, Pineapple, Valencia), mandarins (_C. reticulata_ cv. Cravo, Ponkan), tangelos (Citrus x tangelo cv. Orlando), all grafted on Rangpur lime (_C. limonia_). So far, the disease has not been seen on mandarins (_C. reticulata_ cv. Cleopatra, _C. sunski_), on citrumelo (_Poncirus trifoliata_ x _C. paradisi_ cv. Swingle) or on _P.trifoliata_ rootstocks. In Brazil, because of the presence of Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV - EPPO A2 quarantine pest) and the considerable losses it caused in the 1930s and 40s, 85 per cent of citrus trees are now grafted on Rangpur lime (_C. limonia_) which is a CTV-resistant rootstock. Remarkable similarities with spatial patterns presented by CTV-infected trees in the presence of its most efficient aphid vector _Toxoptera citricida_ have been observed. So far, all attempts to detect fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, and viroids have failed, only CTV was detected in symptomatic trees (as well as in asymptomatic trees) by using electron microscopy, serology, and comparison of dsRNA patterns. Finally, symptoms observed are similar to the quick-decline form of CTV. Therefore, it is suggested that a particular strain of CTV could be involved in this lethal disease. Initial symptoms are a generalized foliar discoloration. Affected trees show partial defoliation, fewer new shoots, absence of internal shoots, and finally die. Fruits are usually normal, but remain attached to the dying or dead trees. Death of large portions of roots is observed. A yellow stain can develop in the phloem of _C. limonia_. Trees can be killed within 1 to 12 months after the first appearance of symptoms. Pictures can be viewed on the internet . The mode of transmission is unknown, but spatio-temporal studies suggest that vectors could be involved. If the causal agent is indeed a particular strain of CTV, a possible pathway could be: citrus plants for planting from infected regions in Brazil (but normally this pathway is closed), fruits with leaves and peduncles, viruliferous vectors. Citrus are important crops in Mediterranean countries mainly for fruit production but also for ornamental purposes. The risk of establishment of this particular CTV strain (if this hypothesis is verified) is difficult to predict as the Mediterranean epidemiological situation differs from the Brazilian one: in the Mediterranean region most sweet oranges are still grafted on sour orange rootstocks (_C. aurantifolia_) and the most efficient vector _Toxoptera citricida_ is broadly absent. However, as the disease is so devastating in Brazil, precautions should be taken not to introduce it into the EPPO region. Source(s): Bassanezi RB, Bergamin Filho A, Amorim L, Gimenes-Fernandes N, Gottwald TR, Bov? JM. Spatial and temporal analyses of citrus sudden death as a tool to generate hypotheses concerning its etiology. Phytopathology 2003; 93(4): 502-12. ProMED-mail postings of 2003-03-20 & 21. Citrus sudden death, oranges - Brazil (01 & 02). Fundecitrus: Fund for citrus plant protection (Brazil). Morte S?bita dos citros. Partnerships are the way to speed up solutions. EPPO RS 2003/090 Panel review date - Entry date 2003-06 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [CSD was determined first reported in 2001 and is a potential threat for citriculture in the state of Sao Paulo, mainly because about 85 per cent of the trees are based on CTV-susceptible Rangpur lime rootstock (_Citrus limonia_). Such trees can be killed in 6 months once infected with CSD. Is there a possibility that CTV and a second, unrecognized virus, are involved in causing this serious disease? Perhaps our Brazilian colleagues can provide a comment. - Mod.DH] [see also: Citrus tristeza virus - Italy (Sicily) (02) 20030806.1926 Citrus tristeza virus - Algeria (02) 20030801.1886 Citrus tristeza closterovirus - Algeria 20030718.1760 Citrus sudden death, oranges - Brazil (02) 20030322.0708 Citrus sudden death, oranges - Brazil 20030320.0696] ..........................dh/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Sun Aug 17 21:52:50 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:56 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Brittle leaf disease, dates - Tunisia (EPPO alert list) Message-ID: <37r83jk4fh.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> BRITTLE LEAF DISEASE, DATES - TUNISIA (EPPO ALERT LIST) ******************************************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 14 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/091 "Brittle leaf": new lethal disease of date palm: addition to the EPPO Alert List -------------------------------------------------------- The EPPO Secretariat has recently been informed by Dr Alrouechdi (FAO/SNEA, Tunis) that an emerging disease called "brittle leaf disease" (maladie des feuilles cassantes) was causing serious damage to date palms in Tunisia. It was first described in 1986 in the oasis of Nefta (although similar symptoms were already observed in the 1960s) and has now spread to almost all oases south of Tunis. It has been found in Tozeur, Al-Hamma, Tamarza, Gafsa, Kebili, and Gabes. Although the cause of the brittle leaf disease remains unknown, the EPPO Secretariat decided to add it to the EPPO Alert List because of its severity on an important crop such as date palm. 36 000 trees are now affected by brittle leaf disease, whose etiology is unknown, and many other trees have already been killed and removed. Similar symptoms have been observed in Algeria as well as Tunisia. Date palms (_Phoenix dactylifera_) of most Tunisian varieties including Deglet Nour, Tozer Zaid, Akhouat Alig, Ammaria, Besser, Kinta, as well as seedling trees and pollinator trees have been affected. Kintichi seems to be relatively tolerant. No data are available on other possible hosts, for example on ornamental palms. At the beginning, a few fronds are chlorotic with a dull, olive green colour. Leaflets become brittle, twisted, frizzled, and shrivelled with a scorched appearance. The most characteristic symptom is the ease with which leaflets can be broken. Necrotic streaks develop on the pinnae. These symptoms gradually extend to the nearby fronds until the whole tree is affected, and dies. 4 to 6 years may elapse between first symptoms and death of the tree. Symptoms occur on trees of all ages, including offshoots and small seedlings. The symptoms resemble those of manganese deficiency, but sprays or injections of manganese do not solve the problem (at least there is a delay in symptom expression), and mineral soil analysis could not reveal differences between diseased and healthy plots. Patterns of diseased trees observed in the field suggest a biotic origin, as affected trees seem to cluster into foci. A small dsRNA has been found associated with symptomatic trees but could not be related to a known pathogen. The means of dissemination and its pathway is unknown. If pathogens (such as viroids or phytoplamas) are involved, there may be a risk associated with planting material. Date palms are important crops around the Mediterranean basin, especially in Maghreb countries. The disease has apparently the ability to kill a large number of trees, and if a pathogen is involved efforts should be made to prevent any further introductions and spread. Source(s) Personal communication with Dr K Alrouechdi (FAO/SNEA - Tunis), 2003-05. Bolet?n Informativo de la Socieda Espa?ola de Fitopatolog?a, no. 35, September 2001. EPPO RS 2003/091 Panel review date - Entry date 2003-06 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [The fact that no pathogen has been identified is not too surprising, given that other priorities may be more urgent. Efforts will have to be directed at finding the causal agent(s). Reference to a low molecular weight dsRNA in affected date palm is of interest but there are dsRNAs in apparently healthy crops (for example, black-seeded common bean) which seem to have no apparent relation to disease expression. Presumably _F. oxysporum_ f. sp. _albedinis_, the causal agent of Bayoud disease, _F. proliferatum_ and _Erwinia chrysanthemi_ have been considered as possible pathogens. The date palm is often the only available staple food for the inhabitants of desert and arid lands, and thus it is vital to millions throughout North Africa and the Middle East. According to FAO, there are 90 million date palms in the world, each of which can grow for more than 100 years. 64 million of these trees are grown in Arab countries, which produce 2 million tons of dates between them each year. Trees start producing after 4-5 years and reach full production after 10-12 years. Major Arabian date palm producers include the Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Egypt, Libya and Saudi Arabia. A useful reference: . - Mod.DH] [see also: 2001 --- Erwinia chrysanthemi, date palm - Saudi Arabia 20011209.2979 Food crops monitored by ProMED-Plant: List 20010620.1178 Fusarium, date-palms - Saudi Arabia 20010103.0013] .......................dh/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Sun Aug 17 21:53:14 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Tree fruits, viruses, viroids - Syria: survey Message-ID: <37n0e7k4et.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> TREE FRUITS, VIRUSES, VIROIDS - SYRIA: SURVEY ********************************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 15 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/092 Surveys on viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Syria ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stone fruits are important crops in Syria, particularly in southern and central parts of the country (total area is about 82 759 ha with an annual production of 257 000 tonnes). Surveys for stone fruit viruses and viroids were undertaken in 7 Syrian Governorates (Damascus, Daraa, Al Swidaa, Homs, Hama, Edleb, and Aleppo) representing the main stone fruit-growing areas. Samples were collected from private and commercial orchards, varietal collections, and national mother blocks used for seed and budwood production and tested (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), herbaceous and woody indicators, dot-blot). 1 337 samples were tested (444 apricot, 283 peach, 246 cherry, 222 almond, and 142 plum). The overall infection rate was 13 per cent (peach 24 per cent, cherry 16 per cent, almond 13.5 per cent, apricot 6 per cent, plum 5 per cent). The following pathogens were detected: prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, prune dwarf ilarvirus, apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus, plum pox potyvirus (PPV - EPPO A2 quarantine pest), apple mosaic ilarvirus (EPPO A2 quarantine pest), peach latent mosaic pelamoviroid, and hop stunt hostuviroid. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV-M strain) was detected in 1 apricot tree. PPV had previously been reported from Syria, but it seems that the destruction of infected trees carried out by local institutions was effective in controlling the disease. It was concluded that the sanitary situation of stone-fruit trees in Syria was generally satisfactory but implementation of national certification programmes was considered desirable. Source: Ismaeil F, Myrta A, Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic N, Al Chaabi S, Savino V. Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Syria. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 2002; 32(3): 485-8. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Presumably many of the trees have been established for many years, hence it is not unreasonable that several viruses and viroids would be detected. It is gratifying that an array of diagnostic tests (ELISA, indicator plants and dot blots) are being used in disease diagnosis. - Mod.DH] [see also: Quarantine pests - new dData 20030713.1728 Plum pox virus, fruit trees - Canada (ON & NS) 20030202.0278 2002 --- Peach latent mosaic viroid - Uruguay: first report 20021129.5931 Grapevine viroids - Turkey (E. Mediterranean) 20020901.5215 Hop stunt and Peach latent mosaic viroids, peach - Italy 20020305.3688 2001 --- Fruit tree virus diseases, apricot - Turkey 20011130.2909 2000 --- Plum pox potyvirus, surveillance - Canada (07) 20001123.2035 Plum pox potyvirus, surveillance - Canada (06) 20000921.1631 Plum pox virus, nectarines - Canada (Ontario) 20000626.1057 1999 --- Plant pests - Russia 19991202.2114 Peach latent mosaic viroid - Egypt 19990701.1106] .........................dh/sh *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Tue Aug 19 10:18:09 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL/AH> Calendar 2003 (04) Message-ID: <37lltpei4f.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CALENDAR 2003 (04) ****************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases In this issue [1] 13th International Symposium on HIV [2] Workshop: Invasive Alien [plant] Species and the IPPC [3] MPU Workshop on molecular diagnosis of plant pathogens [4] International Conference on TSE in animal populations [5] OIE International Symposium on bluetongue [6] National Syndromic Surveillance Conference and Workshop [1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1][[1][1][1][1][1][1][1][1] Date: 11 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Subject: 13th International Symposium on HIV Location: Toulon, France Dates: 3-5 Jun 2004 For more information on this symposium, please visit the following website or contact Dr. Lafeuillade using the information below. Contact: Docteur Alain Lafeuillade Infectious Diseases Unit Hopital Chalucet 83056 TOULON FRANCE Ph. +33 4 94 22 77 41 Fax. +33 4 94 92 67 47 [2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2][2] Date: 7 Aug 2003 From: Brent Larson Subject: International Workshop: Invasive Alien Species and the IPPC Location: Braunschweig, Germany Dates: 22-26 Sep 2003 The workshop on "Invasive Alien Species and the IPPC" is being held in Braunschweig, Germany on 22-26 Sep 2003 and is being organized jointly by the IPPC Secretariat and the German government. The intent of the workshop is to improve understanding of how the IPPC can be used in the management of invasive alien species. The following themes will be presented and discussed during the workshop: 1.Review of existing phytosanitary measures (including legislation, regulation and official procedures) 2.? Scientific and technical needs of National Plant Protection Organizations 3.? Delivery capacity of National Plant Protection Organizations (inspections, detection, pest-free areas, eradication, containment, etc.) 4.? Information access and sharing The workshop is attempting to reach a broad spectrum of people who could benefit from the systems developed through the IPPC framework. Participation will be from developed and developing countries and will represent various sectors such as plant protection, environmental, forestry, and regulatory bodies. The workshop will be a good opportunity to share experiences and learn from each other. ***Registration deadline: 20 Aug 2003*** For more information (including registration forms and travel assistance applications) please visit the workshop's homepage at: For registration, contact: Brent Larson IPPC Secretariat FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Fax : (+39-06) 5705-6347 E-mail : Web site: [3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3][3] Date: 7 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Subject: MPU Workshop on molecular diagnosis of plant pathogens Location: Lamezia Terme, Italy Dates: 20-23 Nov 2003 A Workshop on molecular diagnosis of plant pathogens will be organized by the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union in collaboration with the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria and the Italian Societies of Nematology and Phytopathology. The aim of this workshop is to discuss advanced methodologies for the diagnosis of plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. Registration fees will be 120 euros and will include transportation from/to airport or railway station, hotel, social events and workshop documents. Contact: Prof. Franco Lamberti Istituto di Nematologia Agraria, C.N.R. Via G. Amendola, 165/A 70126 Bari, Italy Fax: + 39-080-5484165 E-mail: [4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4][4] Date: 15 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Subject: International Conference on TSE in animal populations - Fact and fiction Location: Fort Collins, Colorado USA Dates: 10-11 Sep 2003 International Conference on TSE in animal populations - Fact and fiction Sponsored by the OIE, the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Canada and TAFS Inquiries: Regina Liechti TAFS Scientific Secretariat Aebnit CH-3457 Wasen i. E. Switzerland Tel +41 34 437 01 78 Fax +41 34 437 01 79 [5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5][5] Date: 16 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Subject: OIE International Symposium on bluetongue Location: Taormina, Sicily, Italy Dates: 26-29 Oct 2003 OIE International Symposium on bluetongue Objective: Exchange of latest scientific information on bluetongue Contents: 1. Current global situation 2. Epidemiological and vector surveillance 3. Diagnostic and vaccination techniques 4. International trade issues Inquiries: Barbara Alessandrini Editoria e R.C. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale" Campo Boario I-64100 Teramo Italy Tel +39 0861 332318 Fax +39 0861 332251 [6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6][6] Date: 16 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Subject: National Syndromic Surveillance Conference and Workshop Location: New York City, USA Dates: 23-24 Oct 2003 The National Syndromic Surveillance Conference will be held 23-24 Oct 2003, at the New York Academy of Medicine in New York City. The conference is sponsored by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, the New York Academy of Medicine, and CDC with the support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. A workshop for public health practitioners at state and local health departments will be conducted 20-22 Oct 2003. The workshop will be a hands-on opportunity to learn the New York City syndromic surveillance system and the SaTScan software. Bioterrorism events have highlighted the need for improved public health surveillance systems to detect outbreaks. Systems using real-time electronic surveillance of nonspecific disease indicators (i.e., syndromic surveillance) might provide early warning of large outbreaks, whether intentional or occurring naturally. The conference will provide public, private, and academic entities with a forum to evaluate syndromic surveillance critically and will assist public health entities in defining their needs and priorities. Posters and presentations will define the goals and objectives of syndromic surveillance and describe the evaluation of systems, findings from model operational systems, national resources under development, and discuss the usefulness of syndromic surveillance. Work in research and development and lessons from public health practice will be discussed in concurrent sessions. In the research session, aberration detection algorithms, the use of simulated data sets, and syndrome coding will be discussed. In the practitioner session, presenters will describe their experiences and challenges, how they have managed relations with data providers, and signal investigation. Registration and information are available at Deadlines are 15 Sep 2003 to submit abstracts for the poster session or for oral presentations and 6 Oct 2003 to register online. Additional information: telephone 212-822-7303 fax 212-987-4735 email: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [see also: Calendar 2003 (03) 20030324.0726 Calendar 2003 (02) 20030226.0481 Calendar 2003 (01) 20030118.0166 ...............arn/mp/jw/sh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-promed@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Tue Aug 19 21:53:36 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Phytoplasmas, fruit trees, grapevine - Albania Message-ID: <37brulugqo.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> PHYTOPLASMAS, FRUIT TREE, GRAPEVINE - ALBANIA ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 18 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: EPPO Reporting Service 2003, No. 6 [edited] 2003/093 Phytoplasmas of fruit trees and grapevine in Albania ------------------------------------------ ***These are the first reports of phytoplasma diseases of fruit trees and grapevine in Albania.*** Orchards and vineyards in 8 districts of central and southeastern Albania were surveyed for the presence of phytoplasma diseases. Symptoms of European stone fruit yellows, apple proliferation, pear decline, and grapevine yellows were observed. Laboratory test results showed that 5 fruit trees (apricot, myrobalan [also called cherry plum], and plum) were infected by European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma [ESFY], 5 apple trees by apple proliferation phytoplasma (EPPO A2 quarantine pest), and 1 pear tree by pear decline phytoplasma (EPPO A2 quarantine pest). All tested grapevines had bois noir, but were not infected by grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma (EPPO A2 quarantine pest). The situation of both apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas in Albania can be described as follows: Present, no details. Source: Myrta, A.; Ermacora, P.; Stamo, B.; Osler, R. (2003) First report of phytoplasma infections in fruit trees and grapevine in Albania. Journal of Plant Pathology, 85(1), p 64. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [Phytoplasmas are becoming more common in crops monitored by ProMED-Plant. Phytoplasmas related to the ESFY subgroup were reported for the first time in the UK in 2001. No cross-reaction was detected in western blots between ESFY antibodies raised and the closely related apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas. - Mod.DH] [see also: Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma - Italy & Serbia 20030717.1754 Elm yellows phytoplasma, grapevine - Serbia 20030523.1261 Grapevine yellows - France 20030315.0641 2002 ---- European stone fruit yellows, phytoplasma - Slovenia 20021113.5788 European stone fruit yellows, phytoplasma - Austria 20020424.4024 2000 ---- Plant quarantine pests - Italy: 1999 20000611.0948 1998 ---- Apple proliferation phytoplasma - Netherlands 19980706.1265 1997 ---- Emergence of plant diseases 19970305.0493] .......................................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Wed Aug 20 15:54:10 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Powdery mildew, pepper - Canada (BC) Message-ID: <37ptj0uha5.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> POWDERY MILDEW, PEPPER - CANADA (BC) ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 19 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: Amer Phytopathol Soc, PLANT DISEASE [edited] First Report of Powdery Mildew of Greenhouse Pepper Caused by _Leveillula taurica_ in British Columbia, Canada. R. F. Cerkauskas, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Harrow, Ontario, N0R 1G0, Canada; and A. Buonassisi, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Abbotsford Agriculture Centre, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford BC V3G 2M3, Canada. Plant Dis. 87:1151, 2003; published on-line as D-2003-0722-01N, 2003. Accepted for publication 30 Jun 2003. In 2003, powdery mildew of greenhouse pepper (_Capsicum annuum_L.) was reported simultaneously in 2 commercial greenhouses at 2 separate locations near Langley in southern British Columbia. Trace amounts of mildew on the foliage of cv. Zamboni in one operation, and 10-80 percent of the foliage of cv. Triple Four was affected in an organic operation, with losses in fruit yield of 2-4 kg per square meter, were noted. The greenhouse pepper industry in British Columbia in 2001 comprised 76 ha with sales of $41.3 million (Canadian). Affected areas appeared as a white, powdery coating on the abaxial leaf surface of older foliage, while diffuse chlorotic spots were present at corresponding locations on the adaxial surface. In some cases, pale yellow spots appeared on the adaxial portion of the affected foliage during later stages of disease development (2). Hyaline, single-celled pyriform and cylindrical conidia were present in 40:60 proportion, respectively. Both conidia had a network of crests and granules sometimes with tiny thorn-like projections on the surface. These projections were evident also on the lower half of conidiophores. Pyriform conidia ranged in length from 53.8 to 79.5 micrometers (mean = 68.0, SE = 0.8), and in width from 12.9 to 28.0 micrometers (mean = 20.1, SE = 0.6, n = 50) with a mean length to width ratio of 3.5. Cylindrical conidia had a length from 48.2 to 84.0 micrometers (mean = 66.0, SE = 0.9), and in width from 13.4 to 25.2 micrometers (mean = 18.6, SE = 0.4, n = 50) with a mean length to width ratio of 3.6. Short conidial chains borne on conidiophores consisted of a basal pyriform conidium followed by cylindrical conidium. No cleistothecia were observed. Stomatal penetration and extensive endophytic mycelial growth in the mesophyll layer were evident in foliar tissue cleared with glacial acetic acid/EtOH (1:2) and stained with lactophenol cotton blue. To confirm pathogenicity, a suspension of [20 000] conidia/ml from infected pepper leaves was applied onto the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of 60-, 42-, and 28-day-old greenhouse pepper cv. Cubico, tomato cv. Trust, and cucumber cv. Corona, respectively. Plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25/21 deg C day/night temperature and 80 percent relative humidity. Control plants in the same chamber were treated identically but not inoculated. After 21 days, inoculated pepper plants developed foliar powdery mildew symptoms on the abaxial surface, including sporulation similar to that of naturally infected plants. Occurrence of the fungus on the abaxial surface of pepper foliage, presence of endophytic mycelium, and the morphological characteristics of the imperfect state confirm the identity of the fungus (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of _Leveillula taurica_ (Lev.) G. Arnaud on pepper in British Columbia. The disease was first reported in Ontario, Canada in 1999 (1). References: (1) R. Cerkauskas et al. Plant Dis. 83:781,1999. (2) J. Palti. Bot. Rev. 54:423, 1988. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [_Leveillula taurica_ causes severe disease on pepper, aubergine, artichoke, and other vegetables in glasshouse and field production. Disease management involves use of fungicides. Bicarbonate solutions are also effective in reducing damage to leaves. Unfortunately, cultivars vary in their disease susceptibility. - Mod.DH] [see also: 2001 ---- Powdery mildew, pepper - USA (New York) 20011101.2711] .......................................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Tue Aug 26 11:41:34 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Root knot nematodes, pepper - Slovenia: new Message-ID: <37ptistiy9.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> ROOT KNOT NEMATODES, PEPPER - SLOVENIA: NEW ************************************** A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 22 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: Amer Phytopathol Soc, PLANT DISEASE [edited] Occurrence of the Root-Knot Nematodes _Meloidogyne incognita_ and _M. hapla_ in Slovenia. ------------------ S. Sirca and G. Urek, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1001 Ljubjana, Slovenia; G. Karssen, Plant Protection Service, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, the Netherlands. Plant Dis. 87:1150, 2003; published on-line as D-2003- 0710-01N, 2003. Accepted for publication 26 Jun 2003. The root-knot nematode _Meloidogyne incognita_ (Kofoid & White) Chitwood is one of the most harmful species within the genus _Meloidogyne_. It has been detected regularly in greenhouses throughout Europe, while in the field it is restricted to the southern parts of Europe (4). _Meloidogyne incognita_ is able to parasitize more than 700 plant species and varieties, including the majority of our economically important crops (1). It has been recorded in most parts of the world, including the former Yugoslavia; however, there are no data on its presence in Slovenia. In late summer of 2002, large galls were observed on roots of pepper, _Capsicum annuum_ L., grown in a greenhouse located in Portoroz near the Adriatic Coast of Slovenia. Different root-knot nematode stages, i.e., males, females, and second-stage juveniles, were isolated and morphologically identified as _M. incognita_ (2). Additional isozyme gel electrophoresis confirmed this (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of _M. incognita_ from Slovenia. In addition, _Meloidogyne hapla_ Chitwood was found for the first time in a field in Slovenia. Previously, it had been detected on different host plants, all restricted to greenhouses. In October 2002, _M. hapla_ was isolated and identified from relatively small galls of sweet pepper, _C. annuum_ L., grown in a field near Ljubljana, located in central Slovenia. Additional resampling of the soil confirmed the presence of _M. hapla_ in this field. References: --------- (1) J. D. Eisenback. Root-Knot Nematode Taxonomic Database. CD-ROM, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 1998. (2) J. D. Eisenback and H. Hirschmann Triantaphyllou. Root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne species and races. Pages 191-274 in: Manual of Agricultural Nematology. W. R. Nickle, ed. Marcel Dekkers, Inc., New York, 1991. (3) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 17:6, 1985. (4) G. Karssen. Revision of the European root-knot nematodes III on mono- and dicotyledons. Pages 119-121 in: The Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genus Meloidogyne G??ldi, 1892 (Tylenchida) in Europe. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, 2002. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [_Meloidogyne hapla_ [Mh] and _M. incognita_ [Mi] are 2 of about 70 species in the genus _Meloidogyne_. They cause extensive damage to roots by their feeding activity, exacting a heavy toll on producers. Mh (northern root knot nematode) occurs in temperate regions and at higher elevations in warmer regions worldwide and has an extensive host range that includes many vegetables. Mi occurs primarily in the tropics and warmer regions. Its hosts include vegetables, cereals, sugarcane, and potatoes. Both nematodes are involved with other pathogens in disease complexes. Disease management for Mi involves use of nematicides and host-plant resistance. Mh management requires clean planting material, crop rotations seeded to non-host crops such as grasses and cereals, and use of resistant cultivars. Additional reference: -Mod.DH] [see also: Root knot nematode, carrot - Czech Republic 20030102.0007 2002 ---- Meloidegyne mayaguensis, new pest - USA (Florida) 20020625.4597 2001 ---- Meloidogyne fallax, potato, first record - Australia 20011227.3118] ................................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Tue Aug 26 11:42:12 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Choanephora blight, green bean, pepper - USA (FL) Message-ID: <37lltgtix7.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> CHOANEPHORA BLIGHT, GREEN BEAN, PEPPER - USA (FL) ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 22 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: Amer Phytopathol Soc, PLANT DISEASE [edited] Outbreak of Choanephora Blight Caused by _Choanephora cucurbitarum_ on Green Bean and Pepper in Florida. ----------------------------- P. D. Roberts and R. R. Urs, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee 34142-33975; T. A. Kucharek, C. R. Semer, and G. L. Benny, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville 32611-0680; and K. Pernezny, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Everglades Research and Education, 3200 E. Palm Beach Rd, Belle Glade, 33430-4702. Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. J. Series R-09544. Plant Dis. 87:1149, 2003; published on-line as D-2003-0714-01N, 2003. Accepted for publication 23 Jun 2003. Severe outbreaks of Choanephora blight on green bean (_Phaseolus vulgaris_ cvs. Bronco, Shade, & Gold Mine) and bell pepper (_Capsicum annuum_ cvs. Aristotle, Crusader, & Sentry) were widespread in southwestern (Hendry and Collier counties) & northern Florida (Alachua County) in October & November 2002. Disease incidence, estimated by inspecting 100 randomly selected bean plants in each of 4 fields, was 40-100 percent and infected fruit ranged from less than 10 to 100 percent. Incidence estimated similarly on pepper plants in three fields was 35-40 percent with substantial fruit infection observed predominantly around the calyx. Zucchini fruit and a pigweed plant (_Amaranthus_ sp.) were observed with sporulating lesions of _Choanephora_, indicating that other hosts were affected during the outbreak. Symptoms were blighted leaves, dieback of shoot tips, blighted blossoms, and black, soft-rot lesions on fruit. _Choanephora_ sp. was sporulating in abundance on diseased tissue. Isolates of _Choanephora_ sp. grew readily as pure cultures on acidified potato dextrose agar and malt yeast extract (MYE) agar. _C. cucurbitarum_ (Berk. & Rav.) Thaxter was identified on the basis of shape and ornamentation of the sporangiola (1). The sporangiola of _C. cucurbitarum_ are ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, and the wall is usually longitudinally striate. Pathogenicity tests consisted of spray inoculation (5000 spores per ml) of 5 plants 6 weeks of age, each with and without wounding made by lightly scratching the leaf surface with a needle. Plants were placed in the greenhouse with temperatures ranging from 21 to 26 deg C, and symptom development was observed as early as 3 days after inoculation. The percentage of infected plants after wounding was 40 percent for bell pepper ('Enterprise'), 100 percent for green bean ('Opus'), zero percent for watermelon (_Citrus lanatus_ 'Star Gazer'), 60 percent for cantaloupe (_Cucumis melo_ 'Vienna'), and 20 percent for cucumber (_Cucumis sativus_ 'Thunder CY'). Lesions on inoculated leaves were similar to those seen in the field on bean and pepper, and sporulation of _C. cucurbitarum_ was present in the necrotic areas on all symptomatic plants. Pure cultures of _C. cucurbitarum_ were reisolated. _C. cucurbitarum_ was observed and isolated from a few uninoculated bean flowers and 2 uninoculated bean pods, indicating spread to uninoculated plants; otherwise control plants were asymptomatic. Unwounded plants did not develop lesions, indicating that wounding was necessary for infection by this inoculation technique. The mating type was determined by juxtaposing several isolates on MYE agar, and zygospore formation was observed, indicating that both positive and negative strains are present in Florida. These outbreaks show that under the proper environmental conditions, such as long periods of high rainfall, high humidity, and high temperatures, crops like bean and pepper that are not usually affected by the disease may experience significant damage. Reference: (1) P. M. Kirk. Mycol. Pap. 152:1-61, 1984. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [_Choanephora cucurbitarum_ is primarily a pathogen of melons, squashes, and pumpkins. Infection of blossoms and fruits can be high (30-40 percent). Disease development is favored by warm temperatures (greater than 25C) and wet weather. The fungus is considered a weak pathogen, and its occurrence on bean and pepper was probably facilitated by the exceptionally moist conditions in Florida. For disease management, provide for well-drained soils, avoid overseeding, and apply fungicides thoroughly in the leaf canopy. - Mod.DH] .......................................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name and affiliation, it may not be posted. Send commands to subscribe/unsubscribe, get archives, help, etc. to: majordomo@promedmail.org. For assistance from a human being send mail to: owner-majordomo@promedmail.org. ############################################################ ############################################################ From brian at gweep.ca Tue Aug 26 11:42:37 2003 From: brian at gweep.ca (Brian Edmonds) Date: Sat Jan 15 17:13:57 2005 Subject: PRO/PL> Raspberry bushy dwarf, grape, raspberry - Slovenia Message-ID: <37he44tiwi.fsf@lios.aq2.gweep.ca> RASPBERRY BUSHY DWARF, GRAPE, RASPBERRY - SLOVENIA ********************************* A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: 21 Aug 2003 From: ProMED-mail Source: Amer Phytopathological Society, PLANT DISEASE [edited] First Report of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus on Red Raspberry and Grapevine in Slovenia. ----------- I. Mavric. M. Virscek Marn, and D. Koron, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and I. Zezlina, KGZ Nova Gorica, Pri hrastu 18, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Plant Dis. 87:1148, 2003; published on-line as D-2003- 0701-01N, 2003. Accepted for publication 9 Jun 2003. In 2002, severe vein yellowing and partial or complete yellowing of leaves was observed on some shoots of red raspberry (_Rubus idaeus_) cvs. Golden Bliss and Autumn Bliss. Sap of infected plants of cv. Golden Bliss was inoculated onto _Chenopodium quinoa_ and _Nicotiana benthamiana_. Faint chlorotic spots were observed on inoculated leaves of _C. quinoa_ approximately 14 days after inoculation but no systemic symptoms appeared. No symptoms were observed on _N. benthamiana_. Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was detected in the original raspberry plant using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with polyclonal antiserum (Loewe Biochemica, Sauerlach, Germany). Systemic infections of inoculated _C. quinoa_ and _N. benthaminana_ were confirmed using DAS-ELISA. In 2001 and 2002, unusual virus symptoms were observed on grapevine grafts (_Vitis vinifera_) of cv. Laski Rizling. Symptoms appeared as curved line patterns and yellowing of the leaves. No nepoviruses were found in symptomatic plants, but RBDV was confirmed using DAS-ELISA. RBDV infection was later confirmed in grapevine cv. Stajerska Belina with similar symptoms. RBDV was transmitted mechanically from grapevine to _C. quinoa_, where it was detected by immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR). IC-RT-PCR was used to amplify a part of the coat protein gene of the virus from raspberry and grapevine, and the amplification products were sequenced (1). The obtained sequence shared at least 93 percent nucleotide sequence identity with other known RBDV sequences, which confirmed the serological results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of RBDV in grapevine and also of RBDV infection of red raspberry in Slovenia. Reference: (1) H. I. Kokko et al. Biotechniques 20:842, 1996. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ProMED-mail [This is the first report of RBDV in grapevine. At the recent tree fruit/small fruit virus meetings in Valencia, Spain, Irena Mavric apprised Bob Martin (USDA-ARS-HCRL, Corvallis, OR) that RBDV RNA was sequenced directly from extracts of infected grapevines. Moreover, use of RBDV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) provided by Martin showed that the grapevines tested positive with each of 3 RBDV MAbs. RBDV-inoculated _C. quinoa_ expressed symptoms similar to those of RBDV in grapevine, and a correlation was obtained between disease symptoms and a positive test result for the presence of RBDV in one cultivar. The known means of RBDV transmission are by mechanical inoculation, grafting, infected seed (up to 77 percent), possibly by pollen to the pollinated plant, or by pollen to the seed. I sincerely thank Irena Mavric and Bob Martin for sharing their research results. - Mod.DH] [see also: 2000 ---- Raspberry bushy dwarf idaeovirus, resistance 20001024.1841] ......................................dh/pg/jw *##########################################################* ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material. ************************************************************ Visit ProMED-mail's web site at . Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org (NOT to an individual moderator). 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